Midterm Prep Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Action potentials cause ______ channels to open in the axon terminus, which releases neurotransmitters
A
calcium
2
Q
may receptors for neurotransmitters are _______ gated channels, also known as _______
A
ligand , ionotropic
3
Q
a receptor that relies on a second messenger is _______
A
metabotropic
4
Q
sarin gas works as a ________________ inhibitor
A
acetylcholinesterase
5
Q
cocaine is an ______ , and works how?
A
agonist, blocking reuptake and increasing NT in synaptic cleft
6
Q
name 3 drugs that block reuptake
A
SSRI, cocaine, bath salts
7
Q
Alcohol’s effect on GABA is an ______ and works how?
A
agonist, mimics NT by binding to NT receptor and increasing signaling
8
Q
name 3 drugs that mimic NT
A
Alcohol(GABA), THC, LSD
9
Q
Sarin gas is an ______ and works how?
A
agonist, prevents NT degradation by blocking acetylcholinesterase. Increases NT in synaptic cleft
10
Q
Alcohol (glutamate) is an _______ and works how?
A
antagonist - block post-synaptic receptors, preventing the NT from binding to the receptor - less signaling
11
Q
Ecstasy is an _______ and works how?
A
agonist, causes NT transporters to reverse, releasing more NT into the synapse rather than retaking
12
Q
name two drugs that cause the reversal of NT transporters
A
ecstasy and amphetamines
13
Q
what drug prevents NT degradation, and leaves NT in the cleft?
A
sarin gas
14
Q
4 reasons for side effects
A
- side chains can react
- local/general specificity - we can’t artificially secrete directly to synaptic cleft - ex serotonin acts on bones and neurons
- combinations can have interactions and be dangerous
- substances with low affinities require higher doses, and therefore amplify side effects
15
Q
list of ionotropic acting drugs
A
nicotine, alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, pencyclidine
16
Q
list of metabotropic drugs
A
opioids, cannabis, LSD, cocaine, amphetamine, MDMA
17
Q
most drugs of abuse increase _________ release in the ________ ________
A
dopamine, nucleaus accumbens
18
Q
3 involuntary actions that alcohol depresses
A
breathing, heart beat, gag reflex
19
Q
_____ _______ is the main cause of opiate overdose deaths
A
respiratory depression
20
Q
repeated use of drugs sets up a new ______ state in the brain
A
homeostatic
21
Q
carcinogens cause ______
A
cancer
22
Q
mutagens cause ______
A
DNA mutations
23
Q
teratogens cause ________ _______
A
birth defects
24
Q
neurotoxins cause______
A
damage to the nervous system
25
endocrine disruptors _____ ______ _____
interfere with hormones
26
triclosan interferes with ______ ______
thyroid hormones
27
How are arsenicals harmful?
blood vessel damage
| enzyme inhibitors
28
how are organochlorines harmful?
nervous system toxins
block GABA channels
hormone disruptors
29
how are organophosphates harmful?
```
nervous system toxins
peripheral neuropathy
enzyme disruptors
damage DNA/RNA
limit oxygen transport
```
30
how are pyrethrins toxic?
nervous system toxins
| sinsitisation
31
lavender oil and tea tree oil are ____ _____, which cause ______ in pre-pubescent boys
estrogen mimickers, gynecomastia
32
triflumizole is a fungicide that acts as a _______ factor
obesogenic
33
brain weight at birth
350g
34
brain weight as adult
1300
35
where do neurons continue to develop throughout life
olfactory and hippcampus
36
do glial cells form throughout life?
yes
37
what stage does proliferation, migration and differentiation of neurons typically happen?
pre-natal
38
intrinsic regulation
"activity independent"
39
extrinsic regulation
"activity dependent", driven by environment
40
about ____ times as many neurons are created than are found in adult brains
2
41
does myelination take place at one time?
no, it happens at different places at different times
42
a muscle fiber is activated by ___ neurons
1
43
one neuron can activate ____ muscle fibers
many
44
a neuron without any connections will eventually _____
die
45
neurons compete for ____ _____ that are given as a result of successful synaptic connections
trophic factors
46
Hebb's rule
cells that fire together, wire together. Out of sync, lose your link
47
interoreception
sensing within your body
48
sensing inside your body
interoreception
49
sensing outside your body
exteroreception
50
exteroreception
sensing outside your body
51
receptors that detect heat
thermoreceptors
52
receptors that detect chemicals
chemoreceptors
53
receptor that detect light
photoreceptors
54
receptors that detect touch
mechanoreceptors
55
how many layers does the LGN have
6
56
if you cross section the LGN, what do the points on that cross section line up with
the points in the visual field
57
parvocellular layers detect _____
patterns
58
magnocellular layers detect _____
motion
59
layers of the LGN are specific to each __
eye
60
the visual cortex is broken into ____ ______
ocular columns
61
autonomic nervous system can be broken into what two parts
sympathetic and parasympathetic
62
sympathetic nervous system trigger what response?
fight or flight
63
parasympathetic nervous system triggers what response?
sleep, calming, digestion etc.
64
do organs have receptors for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
yes!
65
efferent neurons _____ commands
send
66
where does the parasympathetic system come from?
brain stem
67
ganglia are_____
bundles of neurons
68
where are the ganglia for the parasympathetic nervous system?
at the organs
69
where are the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system?
sympathetic chain, near spine
70
ganglion is a ______
collection of neurons
71
where does the sympathetic nervous system come from?
the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine
72
cholinergic receptors are for_____
acetylcholine
73
adenergic receptors are for_____
adrenaline or epinephrine
74
the parasympathetic nervous system releases
acetylcholine
75
the sympathetic nervous system relseases
adrenaline
76
3 types of motor movement
voluntary, rhythmic, reflex
77
what type of movement is walking
rhythmic
78
walking starts _____ and transitions to _______
voluntary, rhythmic
79
does rhythmic movement go all the way to the brain?
no
80
afferent neurons ____ signals
receive
81
neurons that send signals out
efferent neurons
82
neurons that receive signals
afferent neurons
83
stretch receptors are bound to ______ muscles
intrafusal
84
inside the bicep is an ______ muscle
intrafusal
85
the extrafusal muscle and intrafusal muscles work _____
together
86
reflex signals are received by the _____ root and then sent through the ____ root
dorsal , ventral
87
the ventral root has a ____ and ______ motor neuron
alpha and gamma
88
the alpha motor neuron from the ventral root will control the ______ muscle
extrafusal
89
the gamma motor neuron from the ventral root will control the _____ muscle
intrafusal
90
middle ear is between the ____ and the _____
timpanic membran and the oval window
91
the timpanic membrane is much larger than the ____ window
oval
92
ossicles are _____
bones
93
bones in the ear
ossicles
94
the middle ear will _____ the sound
amplify
95
the inner ear consists of the _____ _____
basilar membrane
96
counter to the oval window is the _____ ______
round window
97
the round window serves as a ____ _____
pressure release
98
_____ open the ion channels in the ear
cilia
99
graded potentials
changes in membrane potential that vary in size and depend on amplitude of stimulus
100
EPSP
excitatory post synaptic potentials
101
IPSP
inhibitory post synaptic potentials
102
two types of summing of graded potential
spatial and temporal
103
temporal summation sums from ______ dendrite
same
104
spatial summation sums from _____ dendrites
different
105
action potential threshold
-55 mv
106
photoreceptors and bipolar cells created _____ potentials
graded
107
hair cells help create a _____ potential
graded
108
we have ____ types of receptor cells
5
109
name the types of taste receptor cells
salt, sour, bitter, sweet, umami
110
salt taste receptor cells work by opening ___ channels
sodium
111
salt taste receptor cells are ____tropic
ionotropic
112
sour taste receptor cells are _____tropic
ionotropic
113
the bitter, sweet and umami all are _____ tropic
metatropic
114
type of signal pathway that bitter, sweet and umami use
GPCR
115
does the posterior pituitary produce its own hormones?
no, it releases hormones my by the hypothalamus
116
the posterior pituitary releases _____ and ______
oxytocin and vasopressin
117
the anterior pituitary releases hormones from _____
itself
118
hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary through the ____ _____ which causes a release of hormones produced by the _____ _____
portal system, anterior pituitary
119
each olfactory neuron will express ___ receptors
1
120
PET scan
inject radioactive tag into brain and give stimulus. When brain area is active, tag is broken down and can be seen. Good for doing diff tasks and seeing what parts are working 45-60 sec temporal res. Spatial resolution is good.
121
fMRI is based on ____ ____ levels
blood / oxygen
122
EEG has ____ temporal resolution and ______ spatial resolution
good , bad
123
EEG has ____ temporal resolution and ______ spatial resolution
good , bad
124
what does endocrine refer to
a signal released (hormone) into the blood - a far away signal
125
if you remove the testes from a male chicken, what happens?
it grows into a female phenotype (mostly)
126
what happens if you remove the testes of a chicken into the stomach?
it grows into a rooster
127
first hormone to be named
secretin
128
autocrine signal
affects the same cell
129
3 types of hormones
water soluble, fat soluble, amino acid derived (water or fat)
130
______ mediates contractions during birth
oxytocin
131
vasopressin function
constriction of blood vessels and water reabsorption by the kidney
132
two hormones released by posterior pituitary
vasopressin and oxytocin
133
identical action potentials travel to each branch of the axon ______
terminus
134
in the dendrites, ________ _______ channels open in response to neurotransmitters
ligand-gated
135
do neurotransmitters enter the cell?
no
136
excitatory signals are _____ polarizing
de
137
inhibitory signals are _____ polarizing
hyper
138
when an action potential reaches the terminus, ____ channels open and _____ enters/exits? the cell
Ca2, Ca2, enters
139
when neurotransmitters are triggered, are they released from the terminus?
yes, and they're released into the synaptic cleft
140
the channels that open and allow Ca2 into the axon terminus are _____ gated
voltage
141
what three things happen to NT after they react with the NT receptors
1. enzymatic degradation
2. diffusion out of the cleft
3. Re-uptake into synaptic buton
142
_______ breaks down acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase
143
if Ka+ channels are opened, and Ka+ flows out of the dendrite, that's a ________ response
excitatory
144
Cl- moving into the dendrite is _____
inhibitory
145
GABA opens a ______ gated _____ channel and thus has an ______ effect
ligand , Cl-, inhibitory
146
the GPCR pathway represents a _______ tropic synapse
metabotropic
147
when NT leave the neuron in vesicles, it's called ______
exocytosis
148
Hebb's rule
neurons that fire together, wire together. Out of sync, lose your link
149
types of neurotransmitters
biogenic amines, amino acids, peptides, other...
150
nicotine acts as both a ____ and a ______
stimulant, sedative
151
triflumizole is a fungicide that acts as a _______ factor
obesogenic
152
atrazine is known to cause ?
congenital birth defects
153
Hermosa study showed ______
reduction in triclosan, methyl parabens, diethyl phthalate after 3 days of non chemical use
154
organophosphate pesticides are responsible for ______ IQ points lost
16 m
155
drugs simulate _____ _____ and thereby increase the value of associated stimuli and actions on each use
prediction error
156
the ____ ____ prevents an action potential from firing twice or going in both directions
refractory period
