(MIDTERM) PROBLEMS OF THE HYDROSPHERE

Question 1

total amount of water on the planet

Answer 1

hydrosphere

Question 2

found in lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands and watersheds

Answer 2

surface water

Question 3

As streams and rivers move across the land, they form a flowing network of water called a ____________

Answer 3

rivers system

Question 4

area of land that is drained by a river

Answer 4

watershed

Question 5

frozen part of Earth’s hydrosphere is made of ice: ________, ________, & _________

Answer 5

glaciers, ice caps and icebergs

Question 6

frozen part of the hydrosphere

Answer 6

cryosphere

Question 7

Water collects in clouds, then falls to Earth in the form of _____ or _____

Answer 7

rain or snow

Question 8

Water moves through the hydrosphere in a cycle.

Water collects in clouds, then falls to Earth in the form of rain or snow.

This water collects in rivers, lakes and oceans.

Then it evaporates into the atmosphere to start the cycle all over again.

This is called the _________

Answer 8

water cycle

Question 9

water stored beneath the Earth’s surface in sediment and rock formation

Answer 9

groundwater

Question 10

As water travels beneath the Earth’s surface, it eventually reaches a level where the rocks and soil are saturated with water.

This level is known as the ________

Answer 10

water table

Question 11

Just as surface water flows _________, groundwater tends to flow slowly from the peaks of the water table to the valleys.

Answer 11

downhill

Question 12

An underground formation that contains groundwater

Answer 12

aquifer

Question 13

forms the upper boundary of an aquifer

Answer 13

water table

Question 14

Most aquifers consist of materials such as _____, _____, & _____ that have a lot of spaces where water can accumulate.

Answer 14

rock, sand, and gravel

Question 15

problems in the hydrosphere

Answer 15

1. water pollution
2. artificial/cultural eutrophication
3. thermal pollution
4. ocean acidification

Question 16

can also dissolve rock formations, such as those made of limestone, and fill vast caves with water, which creates underground lakes

Answer 16

groundwater

Question 17

• important water source for many cities and for agriculture.
• To reach this, surface water must travel down through permeable layers of soil and rock
• Water cannot reach this fromp laces where the aquifer is covered by impermeable materials

Answer 17

aquifers

Question 18

• area of the Earth’s surface where water percolates down into the aquifer
• environmentally sensitive areas because any pollution in the this zone can also enter the aquifer

Answer 18

recharge zone

Question 19

hole that is dug or drilled to reach groundwater

Answer 19

well

Question 20

introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water that degrade water quality and adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water.

Answer 20

water pollution

Question 21

two types of sources of water pollution

Answer 21

1. point-source pollution
2. non-point source pollution

Question 22

• Pollution discharged from a single source such as a factory, a wastewater treatment plant, or a leaking oil tanker
• identified and traced to a source
• even when the source of pollution is known, enforcing cleanup is sometimes difficult

Answer 22

point-source pollution

Question 23

• Pollution comes from many different sources that are often difficult to identify
• For example, a river can be polluted by runoff from any of the land in its watershed
• If a farm, a road, or any other land surface in a watershed is polluted, runoff from a rainstorm can carry the pollution into a nearby river, stream, or lake.

Answer 23

nonpoint-source pollution

Question 24

disease causing organisms (bacteria, virus, protozoa, parasitic worms)

• mostly nonpoint sources
• sewage/animal feces, livestock feedlots, and poultry farms
• sewage from overburdened wastewater treatment plants

Answer 24

pathogens

Question 25

animal and plant matter remains, feces, food waste, and debris from food-processing plants - mostly nonpoint sources

Answer 25

organic matter

Question 26

pesticides, fertilizers, plastics, detergents, gasoline and oil, and other materials made from petroleum - mostly nonpoint sources - farms, lawns, golf courses, roads, wastewater, unlined landfills, and leaking underground storage tanks

Answer 26

organic chemicals

Question 27

acids, bases, salts, and industrial chemicals - point and nonpoint sources - industrial waste, road surfaces, wastewater, and polluted precipitation

Answer 27

inorganic chemicals

Question 28

lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic - point and nonpoint sources - industrial discharge, unlined landfills, some household chemicals, and mining processes - also occur naturally in some groundwater

Answer 28

heavy metals

Question 29

heat and suspended solids - point and nonpoint sources - heat from industrial processes and suspended solids from soil erosion

Answer 29

physical agents

Question 30

a natural process

Answer 30

eutrophication

Question 31

The process of ________ uses up oxygen

Answer 31

decomposition

Question 32

The natural process of eutrophication is accelerated when inorganic plant nutrients, such as ______ & ______, enter the water from sewage and fertilizer runoff.

Answer 32

phosphorus and nitrogen

Question 33

Eutrophication caused by humans is called __________

Answer 33

artificial /cultural eutrophication

Question 34

__________ from farms, lawns, and gardens is the largest source of nutrients that cause artificial eutrophication

Answer 34

Fertilizer

Question 35

__________ in some laundry and dishwashing detergents are another major cause of eutrophication

Answer 35

Phosphates

Question 36

________ is a plant nutrient that can cause the excessive growth of algae. In bodies of water polluted by phosphorus, algae can form large floating mats, called _________.

Answer 36

- Phosphorus - algal blooms

Question 37

When the temperature of a body of water, such as a lake or stream, increases, __________ can result - can occur when power plants and other industries use water in their cooling systems and then discharge the warm water into a lake or river - cause large fish kills if the discharged water is too warm for the fish to survive. But most thermal pollution is subtler.

Answer 37

- thermal pollution

Question 38

When ___________ is dissolved in seawater, chemical reactions occur that reduce seawater pH, carbonate ion concentration, and saturation states of biologically important __________ minerals.

Answer 38

- carbon dioxide (CO2) - calcium carbonate

Question 39

___________ occurs when CO2 is absorbed into the water at a high rate. - It reacts with water molecules (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). - This compound then breaks down into a hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). - The presence of all these hydrogen ions is what decreases the pH or acidifies the ocean. - This can be summed up with the chemical equation: ➢ CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ➢ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3– ➢ H+ + CO32- ↔ HCO3–

Answer 39

Ocean acidification

Question 40

whitening of diverse invertebrate taxa which results from the loss of symbiotic zooxantheallae and/or reduction in photosynthetic pigment concentration in zooxantheallae residing within (scleractinian) corals.

Answer 40

coral bleaching or coral reef bleaching

Question 41

DENR Administrative Order No. 2016-08

Answer 41

Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of 2016

Question 42

- policy of the State to pursue a policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters. - Section 5.0 Classification of _______

Answer 42

- Water Bodies WATER QUALITY GUIDELINESAND GENERAL EFFLUENT STANDARDS OF 2016

Question 43

– intended primarily for waters having watersheds, which are uninhabited and/or otherwise declared as protected areas, and which require only approved disinfection to meet the latest PNSDW.

Answer 43

CLASS AA Public Water Supply Class I

Question 43

Intended as sources of water supply requiring conventional treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) to meet the latest PNSDW.

Answer 43

CLASS A Public Water Supply Class II

Question 44

Intended for primary contact recreation (bathing, swimming, etc.).

Answer 44

CLASS B Recreational Water Class I

Question 45

1. Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources 2. Recreational Water Class II – For boating, fishing, or similar activities 3. For agriculture, irrigation, and livestock watering

Answer 45

CLASS C

Question 46

navigable waters

Answer 46

CLASS D