MODULE 1 - UNIT 1

Question 1

_______: refers to everything surrounding us and is composed of the four spheres of the earth namely:

• also defined as the total of all external factors, abiotic and biotic, that affect life.

Answer 1

environment

1. atmosphere
2. lithosphere
3. hydrosphere
4. biosphere

Question 2

• components of the environment that are non-living physical and chemical factors such as air, water, soil, mineral, and sunlight.
• also includes processes like weathering, erosion, soil formation, evaporation, condensation, precipitation, etc.

Answer 2

abiotic components

Question 3

• living biological factors such as plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans.
• also includes abiotic processes like predation, competition, and migration, to name a few.

Answer 3

biotic components

Question 4

• interacting components that, together, make up an ecosystem
• their interactions are seen in
  material and energy flows in the ecosystem

Answer 4

biotic and abiotic components

Question 5

• occurs in biogeochemical cycles (aka _________) like the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, sulfur cycle, and phosphorus cycle.

Answer 5

• nutrient cycles

MATERIAL FLOW

Question 6

• occurs in the different trophic levels of the ecosystem that involve producers and consumers

Answer 6

energy flow

Question 7

• responsible for sustaining life on earth
• disruption in any of these flows would have adverse consequences

Answer 7

material and energy flows

Question 8

• Large ecosystems with distinct biotic and abiotic characteristics
• Although this differ in some respects such as _______, _______, ________, the one thing they have in common is their ability to provide a life support system for the organisms that thrive in them

Answer 8

climate
precipitation
temperature

BIOMES

Question 9

For humans, the _________ is the most important resource for life.

_________: an applied science that makes use of ecosystem concepts and principles to identify, understand, and address environmental issues due to anthropogenic activities.
— covers a wide range of subject matters and issues related to our life support system.

Answer 9

• environment
• environmental science

Question 10

There is a cultural element to environmental science since it deals, not only with the scientific aspects of the environment, but also with the social, political, and economic aspects.

It also uses information from various disciplines such as ecology, biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and information technology to analyze and address environmental issues, thus considered as ___________.

Answer 10

• interdisciplinary

Question 11

ENVI SCIE is divided into several branches such as (3)

one goal of all these branches

Answer 11

• environmental engineering
• environmental chemistry
• atmospheric science

— provide solutions to environmental problems

Question 12

three fundamental steps required to achieve their goal:

Answer 12

1. knowledge about the life-supporting environment
2. understand the problems that threaten the environment
3. address the environmental issue

Question 13

• knowledge about the abiotic and biotic components of the environment, as well as the different environmental processes, would provide the theoretical concepts required to understand how the natural and physical worlds interact.
• Example: trees absorb carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis and release oxygen in the process; the oxygen on the other hand, is important for respiration, which in turn releases carbon dioxide. This is part of the carbon cycle.

Answer 13

knowledge about the life-supporting environment

Question 14

• To solve a problem, an environmentalist must know about it first.
• What are the causes of that environmental problem and what are its effects on both the natural and physical environments?
• Example: deforestation greatly reduces the number of trees that absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere; in effect, greenhouse gases are increased leading to global warming.

Answer 14

understand the problem that threaten the environment

Question 15

• With the knowledge and understanding an environmentalist has gathered and developed, it is now easier to find solutions to the environmental problems, like natural resource management, conservation of ecosystem, preservation of biodiversity, and control of pollution.
• Example: The problem of deforestation can be dealt with the strict implementation of the Chainsaw Act of 2002 and, at the same time, promoting tree planting and reforestation activities.

Answer 15

address the environmental issue

Question 16

Environmental science is important in enhancing people’s SPEAK Awareness.

Answer 16

Skill
Participation
Evaluation ability
Attitude
Knowledge
Awareness

Question 17

• acquire skills for solving and identifying environmental problems

Answer 17

skill

Question 18

• provide an opportunity for active involvement in addressing environmental problems

Answer 18

participation

Question 19

• develop the ability to evaluate environmental measures and educational programs in terms of ecological, economic, social, and aesthetic factors

Answer 19

evaluation ability

Question 20

• acquire a set of values and feelings of concern; motivation for active participation to improve and protect the environment

Answer 20

attitude

Question 21

• gain a variety of experiences and acquire a basic understanding of the environment and its associated problems

Answer 21

knowledge

Question 22

• acquire an awareness of the environment as a whole and its allied problems and
  sensitivity

Answer 22

awareness

Question 23

• study of the interaction of humans with the natural environment

(4)

Answer 23

environmental science

• climate
• soil landforms
• water sources
• other living organisms

Question 24

• In ______, similar grain production to modern agriculture: 30 bushels/acre.
• Sumerians heavily relied on ________, the application of water to soil from another source.

Answer 24

• Sumeria
• irrigation

Question 25

- _______ present in the irrigated water began building up in the soil, causing yields to decline to a half, then a fourth of original levels. - Eventually, only salt-tolerant barley could be grown. - Sumeria collapsed.

Answer 25

- Salt

Question 26

The salinization of Sumeria is an example of:

Answer 26

1. The Law of Unintended Consequences --- Decisions often have unexpected effects 2. Resource Depletion --- Consuming natural materials faster than they can replenish

Question 27

- marked the transition to coal power, electricity, and factory production

Answer 27

industrial revolution

Question 28

Pamphlet published by an economist in 1833 describing a major cause of resource depletion: ________: resources that are shared and not owned

Answer 28

Individuals neglect the well-being of society in the pursuit of personal gain. - Commons TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

Question 29

global examples of the tragedy of the commons

Answer 29

- pollution in the atmosphere and oceans - climate change

Question 30

natural resource classifications

Answer 30

1. inexhaustible 2. renewable 3. non-renewable 4. recyclable nonrenewable

Question 31

- Cannot be used up - Sunlight

Answer 31

inexhaustible

Question 33

- Will be replaced, but often at a slower rate than they are used - Soil, timber

Answer 33

renewable

Question 34

- Not replaced within the human time scale - Single-use - Coal, oil, natural gas

Answer 34

nonrenewable resources

Question 35

- Not replaced within the human time scale - Can be reused repeatedly - Minerals, metals

Answer 35

recyclable nonrenewable

Question 36

During the ________, the _____________ was passed, allowing the federal government to protect cultural and natural resources

Answer 36

- progressive era - Antiquities Act

Question 37

National Land Designations

Answer 37

1. national parks 2. national forests 3. national wildlife refuges

Question 38

1. _______: to be kept unaltered from their original state. * No fishing, logging, hunting, or livestock grazing 2. _______: allow commercial logging and recreational hunting and fishing. * Permit required to prevent overexploitation 3. _______: allow hunting and fishing with a permit, but no commercial activities.

Answer 38

1. national parks 2. national forests 3. national wildlife refuges

Question 39

- The same year the antiquities act passed, San Francisco experienced a massive earthquake and fire. As the city was rebuilt, a new water supply was needed - The city applied to the federal government to build dams and reservoirs in the Hetch Hetchy and Lake Eleanor valleys in Yosemite.

Answer 39

* As a national park, a law would have to be passed granting the exemption.

Question 40

__________ was the first public debate in environmental ethics –what moral relationship humans should have with the environment. “Where conflicting interests must be reconciled, the question shall always be answered from the standpoint of the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run.” _________

Answer 40

- Hetch Hetchy - Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the U.S. Forest Service

Question 41

- Human-centered philosophy - Human interests and well-being come first - Advocated to build the dam * The dam was built in 1914 and is still in use today

Answer 41

anthropocentrism

Question 42

- Nature-centered philosophy - Preserving ecosystems comes first - Advocated to leave the valley untouched

Answer 42

ecocentrism

Question 43

The __________, starting in the 1960s, ushered in a wave of public awareness and legislation… (3) - This movement was triggered by a series of environmental disasters in the previous decades

Answer 43

- modern environmental movement 1. reducing air and water pollution 2. Preserving ecosystems and biodiversity 3. Promoting sustainability

Question 44

- In ____, nuclear bomb testing in the Marshall Islands exposed native islanders and Navy sailors to radioactive fallout. * This material was ___________, meaning it increased the risk of cancer - In ____, air pollution from a zinc and steel plant caused a dense smog that sickened thousands in Donora, Pennsylvania. * ________ is the introduction of particles and gases into the atmosphere that are harmful to living organisms.

Answer 44

- 1946 - carcinogenic - 1948 - Air pollution

Question 45

- In ____, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, documenting the impacts that pesticides like DDT were having on wildlife. * DDT is persistent, meaning it is not biodegradable and will not break down naturally * __________ is the complete loss of a species from the Earth - In ______, The Population Bomb is published, blaming many environmental problems on human overpopulation and predicting a global famine. *______: an extreme shortage of food

Answer 45

- 1962 - Extinction - 1968 - famine

Question 46

- In ______, oil-soaked debris caught fire in the Cuyahoga River, bringing the problem of water pollution to the public’s attention. *________ is the contamination of lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater. - In _____, the city of Love Canal, New York was abandoned and demolished due to a leaking hazardous waste dump buried underneath it. *__________ includes chemicals known to be dangerous to human health.

Answer 46

- 1969 - Water pollution - 1978 - Hazardous waste

Question 47

______: Enabled creation of National Parks ______: Restricts pollution of surface waters ______: Restricts pollution of the atmosphere ______: All federal projects must assess environmental impacts

Answer 47

- antiquities act (1906) - clean water act (1968) - clean air act (1970) - environmental policy act (1970)

Question 48

______: Identifies species at risk of extinction and makes plans for their recovery ______: Testing and treatment standards for tap water ______: Requires safe transport and storage of hazardous waste ______: Funds the cleanup of hazardous waste sites

Answer 48

- endangered species act (1973) - safe drinking water act (1974) - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1980) - CERCLA (1980)

Question 49

_______: established in 1970 to enforce federal environmental laws

Answer 49

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Question 50

Following the 1970s, environmentalism began to consider issues that affected the entire planet:

Answer 50

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTALISM 1. biodiversity loss 2. food production 3. climate change 4. human population growth 5. economic inequality between nations

Question 51

Countries are classified across an economic spectrum

Answer 51

demographic divide

Question 52

- Economically poor - Less educated - Higher fertility rates - Lower standard of living - Lower rates of consumption

Answer 52

developing

Question 53

- Economically wealthy - More educated - Lower fertility rates - Higher standard of living - Higher rates of consumption

Answer 53

developed

Question 54

_________: per capita is the monetary value of the goods and services produced per person per year _________: number of children born to an average woman over her lifetime _________: number of years an average person will live _________: amount of materials, energy, and services used per person

Answer 54

- gross domestic product (GDP) - Total fertility rate - life expectancy - consumption

Question 55

_________: amount of materials, energy, and services used per person __________: estimated with an ecological footprint, the amount of land needed to support a person or country (5)

Answer 55

- consumption - consumption 1. forest products 2. carbon pollution 3. cropland and pastureland 4. build-up land 5. fisheries

Question 56

_________ predicts that the price of a resource will… * _______ when supply is low and/or demand is high. *_______ when supply is high and/or demand is low

Answer 56

- Supply and demand - Increase - Decrease

Question 57

________: measures the expense of an action with the benefits it will bring. *______ are “paid for” by people other than the sellers and buyers and are usually not included in these analyses.

Answer 57

- cost-benefit analysis - Hidden costs

Question 58

environmental worldviews

Answer 58

- planetary management - stewardship - environmental wisdom

Question 59

* Humans “rule” the Earth * Technology and ingenuity will prevent the loss of resources * Economic potential is unlimited

Answer 59

planetary management

Question 60

* Human needs come first but we must care for other species too. * Conserve resources for future generations when possible. * Prefer economic growth that does not harm the environment.

Answer 60

stewardship

Question 61

* Humans are no more important than any other species * Resources are finite, wastes do not “go away” * Our survival depends on sustaining the Earth.

Answer 61

environmental wisdom