Midterm Review Flashcards
(18 cards)
What term is NOT used to describe radiation dose?
A. effective dose
B. absorbed dose
C. ionizing dose
D. equivalent dose
C. Ionizing dose
What distinguishes a stochastic effect from a deterministic effect?
A. Deterministic effects have a higher probability of occurrence.
B. Stochastic effects have a specific threshold for occurrence.
C. Stochastic effects do not have a defined threshold for occurrence.
D. Stochastic effects always result in immediate symptoms.
C. Stochastic effects do not have a defined threshold for occurrence.
Which type of effect is determined by the cumulative amount of radiation exposure an organ or tissue experiences over time?
A. Deterministic effect
B. Acute effect
C. Stochastic effect
D. Immediate effect
A. Deterministic effect
Which arrhythmias can result from mechanical catheter stimulation of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) during right-sided heart catheterization? (Select all that apply)
A. Ventricular tachycardia (VT)
B. Atrial fibrillation (AF)
C. Right bundle-branch block
D. Atrioventricular (AV) block
A, C, D
In which of the following conditions is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) NOT a reliable surrogate for left atrial (LA) pressure? (Select all that apply)
A. Pulmonary hypertension
B. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
C. Mitral stenosis
D. Cor triatriatum
B, D
Which of the following conditions can significantly reduce the accuracy of the thermodilution technique used for cardiac output measurement? (Select all that apply)
A. Aortic stenosis
B. Low cardiac output
C. Significant arrhythmias
D. Tricuspid Regurgitation
B, C, D
Which atrial pressure waveform represents the beginning of ventricular systole?
A. a
B. c
C. p
D. v
A. a
Tricuspid regurgitation would usually exhibit which of the following hemodynamic findings?
A. small v waves
B. large a waves
C. small a waves
D. large v waves
D. large v waves
It is important that all RV, PA, pulmonary wedge, and left ventricular (LV) pressures be measured at:
A. end inhalation
B. end expiration
B. end expiration
In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, what role does the interventricular septum play in worsening the LVOT obstruction?
A. It loses its contractile ability, reducing cardiac output.
B. It decreases in size, allowing more blood to flow through the LVOT.
C. It becomes more elastic, reducing the efficiency of the heart’s pumping action.
D. It bulges during contraction, narrowing the LVOT and contributing to obstruction.
D. It bulges during contraction, narrowing the LVOT and contributing to obstruction.
What may large v waves in the pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure tracing indicate?
A. Increased pressure in the right ventricle.
B. Decreased compliance of the left ventricle
C. Incompetent mitral valve
D. Constriction of the pulmonary artery
C. Incompetent mitral valve
What is the correct ejection fraction formula? (Select all that apply)
A. EF = EDV-ESV / EDV x 100
B. EF = ESV/EDV x 100
C. EF = SV/EDV x 100
D. EF = EDV-ESV / LVEF x 100
A. EF = EDV-ESV / EDV x 100
C. EF = SV/EDV x 100
What is the jet vena contracta in the context of valvular regurgitation assessment?
A. The region of turbulent flow located in the left ventricular outflow tract
B. The area of highest pressure and widest blood flow just before the regurgitant valve
C. The narrowest portion of the regurgitant jet immediately downstream from the leaking valve
D. The proximal convergence zone of blood flow toward a stenotic valve
C. The narrowest portion of the regurgitant jet immediately downstream from the leaking valve
Which imaging modality is most commonly used to measure coronary ostial height before transcatheter aortic valve replacement?
A. Cardiac CT
B. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C. Fluoroscopy
D. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)
A. Cardiac CT
Why is TEE critically important during transseptal puncture (TSP)?
A. To enhance catheter torque when entering the left ventricle
B. To directly visualize coronary perfusion during valve deployment
C. To localize the optimal puncture site and minimize complication risks
D. To replace fluoroscopic guidance entirely during the procedure
C. To localize the optimal puncture site and minimize complication risks
Before withdrawing the TEE probe at the end of an LAAO procedure, which two post-deployment complications must be excluded?
A. Pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection
B. Coronary artery obstruction and ventricular septal rupture
C. Pericardial effusion and atrial-level shunting at TSP
D. Device fracture and mitral stenosis
C. Pericardial effusion and atrial-level shunting at TSP
Which device is most commonly advanced over a wire into the superior vena cava under anterior-posterior fluoroscopic projection to initiate transseptal catheterization?
A. Amplatz Left diagnostic catheter
B. Pigtail angiographic catheter
C. The Mullins or SL-1 sheath
D. JR4 guiding catheter
C. The Mullins or SL-1 sheath
Study RHC pressures
Study Wiggers Diagram
