Midterm Review List Flashcards
(142 cards)
0
Q
One of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes
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Human Geography
1
Q
A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which it’s producing areas are interrelated
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Location Theory
2
Q
An outbreak of disease that spreads worldwide
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Pandemic
3
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Regional outbreak of disease
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Epidemic
4
Q
State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character
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Sense of Place
5
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Synonyms to complementarity and intervening opportunity; interactions that influence
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Spatial Interaction
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Q
A region defined by a set of activities and interactions that occur within it
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Functional Region
7
Q
Marked by a degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogeneous region
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Formal Region
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A region that only exists by conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity (the Midwest in the US)
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Perceptual Region
9
Q
The degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network
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Connectivity
10
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Satellite based system for determining absolute location of places or geographic features
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GPS; Global Positioning System
11
Q
A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be connected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user
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GIS; Geographic Information System
12
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The position or place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude
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Absolute Location
13
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The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessibility, and connectivity affect this.
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Relative Location
14
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A method of collecting data or information through the use of instruments that are physically distant from the area or object of study
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Remote Sensing
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Line on a map collecting points of equal temperature value
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Isotherm
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An approach to studying nature- society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic context in which they are situated
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Political Ecology
17
Q
The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and the natural environment
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Cultural Ecology
18
Q
The wearing away of the land surface by wind and moving water
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Soil Erosion
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The total variety of plant and animal species in a particular place
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Biodiversity
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A growing environmental peril whereby acidified rain water severely damaged plant and animal life; caused by the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen that are released into the atmosphere when coal, oil, and natural gas are burned, especially in major manufacturing zones
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Acid rain
21
Q
The theory that the Earth is gradually warming as a result of enhanced greenhouse effect in the Earth’s atmosphere caused by ever-increasing amounts of carbon dioxide produced by various human activities
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Global Warming
22
Q
An international agreement signed in 1987 by 105 countries and the European communities (now European Union). The protocol called for reduction in the production and consumption of chlorofluorocarbons of 50 percent of 2000. Subsequent meetings in London (1990) and Copenhagen (1992) accelerated and the timing of CFC phaseout, and a worldwide complete ban has been in effect since 1996
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Montreal Protocol
23
Q
German; argued to have disciplines covering history and geography, based on perspective instead of subject matter
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Immanuel Kant
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Invented by a Flemish cartographer; enables navigators to maintain an accurate course at sea
Mercator Projection
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Map Projection with better land mass size estimates, but lacks correct directional functionality
Robinson Projection
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Interactions occurring at the scale of the world in a global setting
Global scale
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The internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character, and physical setting
Site
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The external locational attributes of a place, it's relative location or regional location with reference to nonlocal places
Situation
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Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world economy
Core Region
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Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core processes in the world economy
Periphery
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A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
Population density
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The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilo/miles that make up the unit.
Arithmetic population density
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The number of people per unit area of arable land
Physiological population density
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Descriptions of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live
Population distribution
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The time required for a population to double in size
Doubling Time
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Population Growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths; does not reflect emigrant or immigrant movements
Natural Increase
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TFR
Total Fertility Rate
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IMR
Infant Mortality Rate
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CBR
Crude Birth Rate
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CDR
Crude Death Rate
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DTM
Demographic Transition Model
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SPL
Stationary Population Level
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The systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation
Ethnic Cleansing
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Boundaries within a single major faith
Intrafaith Boundaries
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Boundaries between the world's major faiths
Interfaith
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The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife. Opposite of theocracy
Secularism
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Adherents to the largest branch in Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ by accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritive
Sunni
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Adherents to one of the two major divisions of Islam. Also known as Shiahs, the Shi'ite's represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali
Shi'ite
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The movement to unite Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promise land
Zionism
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From the Greek "to disperse", a term describing forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place. Originally denoting to the dispersal of Jews, it is increasingly applied to other population dispersals, such as the involuntary Black peoples during the slave trade or Chinese people's outside of mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong
Diaspora
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A religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people. Unlike universalizing religions, adherents of this type do not actively seek converts through evangelism or missionary work
Ethnic Religions
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A belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Adherents of universalizing religious systems often believe that their religion represents universal truths, and in some cases great effort is undertaken in evangelism and missionary work.
Universalizing Religions (Christianity, Islam, Sikhism)
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One of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating in the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan. Does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins
Hinduism
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Founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal. Splintered from Hinduism as a reaction to the strict social hierarchy maintained by Hinduism.
Buddhism
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The youngest of the major world religions, based on the teaching of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. According to Islamic teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Koran, the holy book.
Islam
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Based on the teaching of Jesus. According to Teaching, Jesus is the Son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God's plan.
Christianity
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Religion with it's roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one God. According to Teaching, Abraham and God have a covenant in which the holy people agree to worship one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people.
Judaism
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A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue
Creole Language
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When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
Pidgin Language
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A term deriving from the "Frankish Language" and applying to a tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and even some Arabic. Today it refers to a "common language", and a language used among speakers of a different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce
Lingua Franca
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(Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) developed when people migrated from present day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago
Slavic Language
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(English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) reflects the expansion of people out of Northern Europe to the West and South
Germanic Languages
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(French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian) stems from the areas once controlled by the Roman Empire but we're not subsequently overwhelmed
Romance Languages
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Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from the Proto-Indo-European were first carried Eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sea and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans
Dispersal Theory
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Major theory of how the Proto-Indonesia-European diffused into Europe which holds that the early speakers of the Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants, and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues
Conquest Theory
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Hypothesis that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European (Anatolia to Turkey); North African and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent)
Renfrew Hypothesis
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Opposite of convergence; a process that suggests new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of language into discrete new languages
Language Divergence
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The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from consistent spatial interaction of people's with different languages
Language Convergence
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Language believed to be the ancestral language, not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian), the Dravidian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic language family
Nostratic Languages
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The tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language
Backward Reconstruction
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Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that proceeded the extinct language
Deep Reconstruction
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Slight change in a word across languages within a sub family or through a language family from the present backward towards its origin
Sound Shift
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Division within a language family where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent
Sub-families
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Group of languages with a shared but fairly distant origin
Language families
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Geographic barriers that prevent the diffusion of a language
Isogloss
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Local or regional characteristics of a language. While accent refers to the pronunciation differences, this refers to grammar and vocabulary as well
Dialect
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In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government
Official Language
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The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life
Standard Language
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The fusion of old and new
Syncretism
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Geographic viewpoint-a response to determinism- that holds the human decision making, not the environment, is the crucial factor in cultural development. Nonetheless, possibility view the environment as providing a set of broad constraints that limit the possibilities of human choice
Possibilism
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The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development. Also referred to as environmentalism.
Environmental Determinism
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The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes
Glocalization
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With respect to popular culture, when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own
Reterritorialization
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The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction
Distance Decay
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In the context of local cultures or customs, the accuracy with which a single stereotypical or typecast image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture or its customs
Authenticity
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The process through which something is given monetary value. Commodification occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy
Commodification
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The seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world
Neolocalism
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The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit
Cultural appropriation
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The process through which people lose originally self differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture. Often used to describe immigrant adaptation to new places of residence
Assimilation
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Group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or community, who share experiences, customs, and traits, and who work to preserve those traits and customs in order to claim uniqueness and to distinguish themselves from others
Local Culture
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Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban based, media influenced western societies
Popular Culture
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Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and instructions of usually small, traditional communities
Folk culture
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The spread of innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination
Expansion Diffusion
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Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to knew ones. The most common form involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population
Relocation diffusion
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The distance controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person - analogous to the communication of a contagious illness.
Contagious Diffusion
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A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples. An urban hierarchy is usually involved, encouraging the leap frog of innovations over wide areas, with geographic distance a less important influence
Hierarchical Diffusion
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A form of diffusion in which cultural adaptation as a result of the interaction of a cultural trait from another place
Stimulus Diffusion
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The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source
Time Distance Decay
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Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture
Culture hearth
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A related set of cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils
Culture complex
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The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
Sequent occupance
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The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts, sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants
Cultural Landscape
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Defined by James Curtis as dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood
Barrioization
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Theory defined by Glen Elder, Lawrence Knopp, and Heidi Nast that highlights the contextual nature of opposition to the heteronormative and focuses on the political engagement of queers with the heteronormative
Queer Theory
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The degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment
Residential Segregation
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The fourth theme of geography; uniqueness of a location
Place
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Social relations stretched out
Space
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Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture
Ethnicity
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A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics; hot spot for conflict
Race
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How we make sense of ourselves
Identity
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Social differences between men and women, rather than the anatomical, biological differences between the sexes. Notions of gender differences vary greatly over time and space
Gender
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A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a NGO
Repatriation
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The purposeful killing of a race or ethnicity
Genocide
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Shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another state
Asylum
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Place built up by government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure
Islands of Development
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Believed food grew linearly and people grew exponentially; later proved wrong
Thomas Malthus
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Believed some but not all of Thomas Malthus' theories
Neomalthusians
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Types of push or pull factors that influence a migrants decision to move to where people they know have already found success
Kinship Links
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A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
Transhumance
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Movement among a definite set of places - often cyclic movement
Nomadism
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Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages
Step Migration
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(College attendance or military service); involves temporary recurrent locations
Periodic Movement
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(Nomadic Migration); closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally
Cyclic Movement
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Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home country; this is an important part of the economy in some countries
Remittances
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A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them
Gravity Model
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Pull factor
Centripetal Force
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Push Factor
Centrifugal Force
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You have exited your home country
Emigrant
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You are entering a new country
Immigrant
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Migration within regions
Intra-Regional Migration
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When you migrate because someone else migrated before you, successive migration
Chain Migration
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Land that is able to be farmed on
Arable Land
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A failed attempt in China to regulate population levels
One Child Policy
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Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over the other
Eugenic population policies
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Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth
Expansive Population Policies
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Disease that is particular to a locality or region
Endemic
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11th century Arab Geographer, assembled a final world map that was accurate due to scientific expeditions and research
Idrisi
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Greek Scholar; accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth by measuring the sun's angles at the summer solstice along the Nile River
Eratosthenes
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Recalculated the circumference of the Earth but was incorrect
Ptolemy
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Wrote Man and Nature; focused on Human Environment Interaction
George Perkins Marsh
141
Shaped the field of Human Geography by arguing that cultural landscapes should be the main study
Carl Sauer
