Urban Geography Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics.
A
City
2
Q
Globally more people live in _____ than _______.
A
Cities; rural areas
3
Q
The buildup of the central city and the suburban realm, encompassing the city.
A
Urban
4
Q
An urban place is non-______ and non-_________.
A
Rural and agricultural
5
Q
Where is urbanization happening?
A
Everywhere
6
Q
In the later part of the twentieth century where did China establish a SEZ?
A
Guangdong Province
7
Q
What has changed in urbanization from when it first developed to now?
A
The amount of time it takes to happen. It went from long periods of time, to shorter, rapid periods.
8
Q
When were the first cities established?
A
8000 ya
9
Q
When was the first modern city established?
A
200 ya
10
Q
A village where everyone was involved in agriculture and lived in near subsistence levels, producing just enough to get by.
A
Agricultural Village
11
Q
Populations were permanent and there was a common land and common goods that were shared between people.
A
Egalitarian Village
12
Q
Two components that enable the formation of a city:
A
Agricultural Surplus, and Social Stratification
13
Q
What had to be established in order for agricultural surplus to take place?
A
A leadership class
14
Q
The urban elite
A
Leadership class
15
Q
The urban elite control these aspects of food:
A
Supply, storage, production, and distribution
16
Q
How many separate hearths did the First Urban Revolution have?
A
Five separate hearths; The Fertile Crescent, Mesoamerica, Nile Valley, Indus Valley, and Huang He River Valley
17
Q
The region of great cities located between the Tigris and Euphrates
A
Mesopotamia or the Fertile Crescent or Southwest Asia
18
Q
Rulers in Mesopotamia were both ______ and _______.
A
Kings and priests.
19
Q
Archaeologists learn much about ancient cities and hearths by looking at their ______.
A
Urban morphology.
20
Q
What was the main cause of small populations in ancient cities?
A
Disease from poor sanitation and waste disposal
21
Q
What was the first hearth of urbanization?
A
Mesopotamia
22
Q
What was the second hearth of urbanization?
A
The Nile River Valley
23
Q
What is the third hearth of urbanization?
A
The Indus River Valley
24
Q
What is the fourth hearth of urbanization?
A
The Huang He and Wei River valleys
25
What is the fifth hearth of urbanization?
Mesoamerica
26
Ancient cities were centers of ______ and _______, and they were also __________ _______.
Religion, power, and economic nodes
27
The ancient cities of Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley had about how many inhabitants?
10,000-15,000
28
At what time did Greece become the one of the most highly urbanized areas on earth?
500bce
29
Ancient Greece encompassed a network of __________ cities and towns.
More than 500
30
How many estimated inhabitants lived in Athens?
250,000
31
What does acro mean?
High point
32
What does polis mean?
City
33
Every city in Ancient Greece had a what?
Acropolis
34
Southwestern Asian cities were described as:
Cramped and crowded, bustling with activity
35
Ancient Greek cities were described as:
Open and spacious, a great meeting place for people and culture
36
Agora means:
Market
37
Was Greece a hearth of urbanization?
No.
38
Urbanization diffused from Greece to where?
Rome
39
Romans were good at choosing _______.
The site for cities.
40
What was the focal point of roman public life?
The forum
41
Romans had an impeccable _______, far better than any Ancient city before them.
Sewage system
42
What fraction of the Roman Empire consisted of slaves?
1/3 to 2/3 of the population
43
What year did the Roman Empire fall?
495 ce
44
What years does the Middle Ages span?
500-1300 ce
45
When did Seoul become a full fledged city?
1200
46
How many inhabitants did Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital, have?
Nearly 100,000
47
What ushered an era of worldwide oceanic trade?
European Maritime Exploration
48
What is the situation of a city?
It's relative location
49
Maritime trade dramatically increased the influence of where?
West Africa and the River Niger; "Where Camel met Canoe"
50
What type of cities became the nodes of a widening network of national, regional, and global commerce?
European Mercantile Cities
51
What historical event changed the urban landscape of Europe during the late eighteenth century?
The Industrial Revolution
52
Before and during the industrial revolution which advancements were made in agriculture?
The seed drill, hybrid seeds, and improved breeding practices for livestock.
53
What was the determinant for where industrial cities grew in Europe?
The proximity to a power source
54
Through urbanization elegant housing was converted into ________. This pattern continued through out other parts of Europe following the industrial revolution.
Overcrowded slums
55
Which cities retained their pre-industrial shape?
London, Paris, and Amsterdam
56
How long were a typical child's shift in a textile mill?
12 hours
57
What led to the development of slums and ghettoes in the United States?
The rapid growth of the manufacturing city, and inadequate planning
58
What caused the creations of rust belts
By companies abandoning large manufacturing plants
59
What percent of Western Europe is urban today?
80%
60
The layout of a city and the physical form and structure.
Urban Morphology
61
Early Eurasian area extended in a crescent shaped zone across Eurasia, from _________ in the west to ________ in the east.
England; Japan
62
Where were cities located before European exploration?
In the interiors of continents
63
What is an example of an interior trade route?
Silk Route
64
Why did the importance of interior trade routes change dramatically?
The introduction of European Maritime routes
65
What is situation?
Relative location
66
What caused the dominance of interior cities to decline?
European Exploration
67
Where did factories go after the second half of the twentieth century?
Away from overcrowded urban areas
68
What helps explain the fate of a city, and their position on a map?
Site and Situation
69
What is a trade area?
An adjacent region in which a cities influence is dominant
70
What three terms arose frequently in the quantitative study in Urban Geography?
Population, trade area, distance
71
Larger cities have larger ________.
Trade areas
72
What is the rank-size rule
In a model of urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. ( 1/2 -> 1/3 -> 1/4; and so on as cities grow smaller)
73
What is a supremely dominant city referred to as?
A Primate City
74
What was the title of the book Walter Christaller wrote?
The Central Places in Southern Germany (1933)
75
Christaller laid the groundwork for which theory?
Central Place Theory
76
A model that wished to determine where places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed
Central Place Theory
77
1) surface of the ideal region would be flat with no barrier, 2) soil fertility is the same everywhere, 3) population and purchasing power is evenly distributed, 4) the region would have a uniform transport network, 5) a good or service could to be sold to any given place out to a certain distance. Whose assumptions where these and what theory do they belong to?
Walter Christaller, Central Place Theory
78
Christaller defined the ________________ in order to determine the location of each central place.
Goods and services produced; then he compared it to distance willing to travel to acquire these goods and services
79
What shape is Christaller's model?
Hexagonal
80
Which regions in China assume uninterrupted flatness?
North China Plain, and Sichuan Basin
81
What is the Sunbelt Phenomenon?
Millions of Americans moving from the north and northeast to the south and southwest.
82
Which geographer emphasized the importance of central place theory?
Larry Ford
83
The division of a city into certain regions for certain purposes.
Functional Zonation
84
A purpose of a region of a city
Zone
85
A concentration of businesses and commerce in the cities downtown.
Central Business District (CBD)
86
An urban area that is not suburban
Central city
87
An outlying functionally uniform part of the city
Suburb
88
Suburbanization
The process in which lands outside of the urban environment become urbanized.
89
Who wrote Contemporary Suburban America (1981)?
P. O. Muller
90
Suburbanization creates new _______________.
Urban regions
91
In 2000 what percent of Americans lived in suburbs?
At least 50%
92
In 2000 the suburbs of America had how many residents?
141 million
93
What was the name of the first model to be created of a North American city?
Concentric Zone Model
94
Who created the concentric zone model?
Ernest Burgess in 1923
95
Burgess' model is divided into five concentric zones based off what?
Their function
96
What is at the center of the concentric zone model?
The CBD
97
What is the second ring in the concentric zone model?
The zone of transition
98
Describe the zone of transition.
Residential deterioration and encroachment by businesses and light manufacturing.
99
What is zone three in the concentric model?
Lower class, or the zone of independent workers homes
100
What is zone four of the concentric zone model?
Middle class residences, or the zone of better residences
101
What is zone five of the concentric zone model?
Commuters' zone, or high class residency
102
As the city grows what will invade zone 2 in Burgess' model?
The CBD; other rings will continue to expand along with it
103
Who published the sector model?
Homer Hoyt
104
When did Hoyt publish the sector model?
1930s
105
Why did Hoyt create his model?
To address the limitations of Burgess' model.
106
What did Hoyt focus on when creating his model?
Residential patterns
107
Who created the multiple nuclei model?
Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
108
When was the multiple nuclei model created?
1940s
109
What does the multiple nuclei model recognize?
That the CBD is losing it's dominant position as main nucleus
110
What do urban geographers say about the three american city models?
They are too simplistic to describe a modern city
111
When did suburbanization explode around new transportation corridors?
1970s and 1980s
112
Suburban downtowns may eventually become what?
Edge cities
113
How are edge cities created?
When regional shopping centers, stadiums, and other big attractions are moved to a suburban downtown close to the CBD
114
When did American suburbs surpass central cities in total employment?
As early as 1973
115
How do we describe the spatial components of the modern metropolis?
Urban Realm
116
Which model takes the last step in interpreting American city structure?
Urban Realms Model
117
Why has it become difficult to model, classify, or typify urban centers?
There are increasingly more of them than there were when models were created
118
In 1980 which two geographers studied Latin American cities?
Larry Ford and Ernst Griffin
119
The Griffin-Ford Model represents what kind of city?
Latin American
120
Griffin and Ford found that Latin American cities blended traditional elements with the forces of globalization, combining ______________ and ___________.
Radial sectors; concentric zones
121
What anchors the Griffin Ford model?
The CBD
122
What are the two sectors a CBD is divided into in the Griffin Ford model?
Traditional Market Sector and Modern High Rise Sector
123
In the model of the Latin American city, what maintains the dominance of the CBD?
Adequate public transport, and affluent residential areas
124
In the Griffin Ford model what stretches from the CBD?
The spine, which is essentially and extension of the CBD
125
What surrounds the spine? (Griffin-Ford model)
The elite residential sector
126
In the Griffin Ford model what suggests the emergence of suburban nodes?
The Mall Sector at the end of the spine
127
In the model of the Latin American city, there is an inner ring of ________ and an outer ring of __________.
Affluence; poverty
128
What is the disamenity sector?
In the Latin American model it is the poorest part of the city, sometimes controlled by gangs or drugs
129
What are disamenity sectors referred to as?
Flavelas or barrios
130
Which regions includes countries with the lowest level of urbanization?
Subsharan Africa
131
In tropical countries of Subsahran Africa, what percent is urbanized?
Under 40%
132
Outside of tropical Subsahran Africa what percent is urban?
Nearly 57%
133
Which continent has the world's fastest growing cities?
Africa
134
Africa contains cities that are neither _____________ nor ____________.
Traditional; colonial
135
How many CBDs does an African city contain?
Three
136
What are the three CBDs in an African City?
Colonial CBD, informal market zone, and a transitional business center (curbside market center)
137
Vertical Development occurs in which CBD of the African City?
Former colonial CBD
138
What are satellite townships?
Squatter settlements
139
Where are the most populated cities in the world located?
Southeast Asia
140
In 1967 who studied the medium sized southeast Asian cities?
T. G. McGee
141
The McGee model refers to what kinds of cities?
Southeast Asian cities
142
What is the focal point of a southeast Asian city?
The colonial port zone
143
How many formal business districts are in the McGee model?
None
144
Residential zones in the McGee model are similar to which other model?
The Griffin Ford model of the Latin American city
145
The middle class in southeast Asian cities is _____________.
Larger
146
What does a city model show?
An end product
147
In the periphery is middle class prominent?
No
148
What are shantytowns?
Unplanned development of crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scraps from around the city
149
Legal restrictions that determine what types of buildings are allowed to take hold
Zoning laws
150
Are zoning laws enforced everywhere?
No
151
What is the only large city in the US not to have zoning laws?
Houston Texas
152
What is one thing that can be found in all major cities across the globe?
Stark contrast from rich to poor
153
1/5 of Egypt's population is in which city?
Cairo
154
Refusing to loan money to people in poorer parts of the city.
Redlining
155
Purposefully putting someone of a different race in a cultural community in order to get other people to move. Done by realtors to get more money. Putting an African American in a white neighborhood to say it was going downhill.
Blockbusting
156
What city is the concentric zone model based off of?
Chicago
157
What city is the sector model based off of?
Chicago
158
The high class zone is also called.....
Exurb/commuter zone
159
Which model of the American city was fit for post CBD?
Multiple Nuclei Model
160
What is an example of an edge city in Texas?
Plano
161
What must edge cities have?
Restaurants, hotels, shopping centers, entertainment facilities, sports complexes, and office complexes
162
Blockbusting generates, what?
White Flight
163
What is people buying and selling houses in order to raise the value of the neighborhood?
Gentrification
164
When a city changes its plan in order to attract or accommodate tourists.
Commercialization
165
In the galactic city model suburbs are where?
All over the place
166
The galactic city model is an example of:
A post industrial city
167
In which model is manufacturing declined?
Galactic city model
168
The transition to service based economy happens in which model?
Galactic city model
169
In the galactic model what is a common location for suburban CBD?
Near transportation nodes
170
In the Latin America model, who lives along the spine?
The wealthiest of merchants and land owners
171
What is equivalent to the zone of maturity?
Middle class, or zone three
172
What was an example of social status in Latin America?
Living nearer to the social spine or CBD
173
Laws of the Indies allowed who to live in the walls of the Latin American city?
Those of European descent are allowed to live in city walls
174
Where did the indigenous people live?
In the zone of In Situ Accretion, or outside the city walls
175
Indigenous Latin American's relied on what to build their houses?
Local timber and mud brick
176
Today who lives in the Zone of In Situ Accretion?
Middle/Working Class
177
What are squatter settlements called in Mexico?
Colonias
178
What are squatter settlements called in Peru?
Barriadas
179
What are squatter settlements called in Ecuador and Colombia?
Invasiones
180
What is land invasion?
Squatter settlements popping up overnight, and taking over a large portion of land
181
In Latin American cities was housing accommodated for the working class?
No, it was the opposite of America at the time
182
The urban poor was not common in Latin America until ....
1945/WWII
183
The rise of _______ in Latin America caused people to push to the city.
Civil wars in rural areas
184
Where do squatters settle?
On land they don't own
185
What is the disamenity sector?
Squatter settlements where land isn't suitable
186
Land Tenure
Legal right to own land
187
Squatter settlements can sometimes be run by _______________.
Drug lords, or gang leaders
188
Malls are popular in Latin American models to what kind of people?
Middle class and high class
189
What are some characteristics of medieval cities?
Narrow buildings and winding streets, with an ornate church to mark the city, and high walls around city
190
What are some characteristics of Islamic cities?
Mosques, walls around the perimeter, open air markets, courtyards surrounded by high walls, limiting foot traffic in residential neighborhoods
191
What is an equivalent to action space?
Activity Space
192
What is the marriage of older classical forms and newer industrial ones in terms of architecture
BeauxArts
193
Gateway cities are:
Port cities
194
Gateway cities are home to
Immigrant populations
195
What is an Entrepot?
A port city with goods shipped in at one price and shipped out at a higher price
196
Where is sold in a traditional CBD?
Commerce is sold in the streets
197
What is restrictive convenants?
Saying that your house cannot be sold to non-whites
198
Driving house buyers to ethnic communities instead of white communities
Racial Steering
