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High School Biology > Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

How many variables should a controlled experiment have?

A

2

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2
Q

What is a hypothesis? What are they used for?

A

An if/then statement used as the starting point for an experiment

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3
Q

What is biology?

A

It’s the study of life

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4
Q

When should you always use safe practices in biology?

A

When you’re working with animals, plants, and bacteria

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5
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative observations?

A 
Qualitative = Appearance
Quantitative = Numerical
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6
Q

Who first identified cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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7
Q

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

A
  1. Cells are composed of living things.2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
  2. Cells come from pre-existing cells.
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8
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

It’s the control center

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9
Q

What does the rough ER do?

A

Protein synthesis

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10
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Protein synthesis

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11
Q

What does the Golgi body do?

A

It sends proteins to various parts of the cell

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12
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

It produces food/energy and is known as the powerhouse of the cell

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13
Q

What does the chloroplast do?

A

It’s found only in plants; responsible for plants’ green color and photosynthetic ability

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14
Q

What does the lysosome do?

A

It aids in indigestion

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15
Q

What does the ribosome do?

A

Protein synthesis

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16
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

It keeps organelles and cytoplasm together

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17
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

It’s found only in plants; structure and support

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18
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus and eukaryotes have a nucleus

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19
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of fluid from an area of high to an area of low concentration

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20
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water

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21
Q

What is facilitated transport in the cell?

A

When protein carriers help move substances across the cell membrane

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22
Q

What is active transport?

A

When substances move across the cell membrane with the help of energy

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23
Q

What are the pumps and transport molecules in the cell membrane made out of?

A

Protein

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24
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that can’t make their own food

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25
What are autotrophs?
Organisms that can make their own food
26
What is ATP?
Energy
27
What are the three things that make up an ATP molecule?
1. Adenosine 2. Ribose sugar 3. 3 phosphate groups
28
How do you get energy from ATP?
From food and cellular respiration
29
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
Water and carbon dioxide are the reactants. Glucose and oxygen are the products
30
What does sunlight do for photosynthesis?
It provides energy for the equation/reaction to take place
31
What makes plants green?
Chlorophyll
32
What organelle is the location of photosynthesis?
The chloroplast
33
What could impact the rates of photosynthesis?
Temperature, sunlight, and water.
34
What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
Oxygen and glucose are the reactants. Carbon dioxide and water are the products
35
How many ATP molecules are made during the entire process of cellular respiration?
Between 36 and 38
36
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
6O2 + C6H12O6 > CO2 + H2O (+38ATP)
37
What molecules start glycolysis?
ATP and glucose
38
How many ATP molecules are made during glycolysis?
Four ATP are made in total; but there's a net gain of two
39
What are the two types of fermentation?
Lactic acid and alcohol
40
What does lactic acid fermentation cause in humans?
Muscle cramps
41
What happens in cellular respiration after glycolysis when oxygen is present?
The Krebs cycle and the ETC
42
What organelle is the location of cellular respiration?
The mitochondria
43
What happens to a body cell when it grows and divides?
It creates two new daughter cells that are genetically identical
44
What are the stages of interphase during the cell cycle?
G1, S, and G2
45
What happens during each of the stages of interphase?
G1- Proteins and organelles are made S- DNA and chromosomes are synthesized G2- Preparing for mitosis
46
What is a chromosome?
Two chromatids connected by a centromere; contains genetic material
47
What are the stages of mitosis in their proper order?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
48
What happens during each stage of mitosis?
Prophase- The nuclear envelope dissipates; chromosomes duplicate Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle; spindle fibers attach Anaphase- Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart and move them towards the centrioles Telophase- Two new daughter cells exist but are still attached because the cytoplasm hasn't been pinched yet via cytokinesis
49
How many cells result from mitosis? How many chromosomes does each new cell have?
It results in 2 new cells with 46 chromosomes each
50
What is cancer, and what is a cancerous growth called?
Cancer is uncontrollable self growth. A cancerous growth is called a tumor
51
What makes up a nucleotide of DNA?
A phosphate group, ribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
52
What is the function of DNA? Where is it located in eukaryotic cells?
DNA contains genetic material and is located in the nucleus
53
What are the similarities between DNA and RNA?
Bases (except for uracil in RNA), a phosphate backbone, and a ribose sugar
54
Where does protein synthesis occur?
In the ribosomes
55
What are amino acids?
The building blocks of life
56
What does Benedict's solution indicate the presence of?
Starch
57
What are enzymes?
Substances that lower the amount of activation energy to increase the rate of chemical reactions
58
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
By lowering the amount of activation energy needed
59
How much ATP is made during the different stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis- 2 Krebs- 2 ETC- Up to 34
60
What is a solvent?
The thing that the solute dissolves into (ex: water)
61
What is a monosaccharide?
A simple sugar
62
What are the steps of photosynthesis?
1. Light reaction | 2. Calvin cycle
63
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic?
Aerobic requires oxygen and anaerobic doesn't need oxygen
64
What is contact inhibition?
The fact that cells will reproduce until they come in contact with another cell
65
Do cells shrink, swell, or stay the same in a hypertonic solution?
They shrink
66
Do cells shrink, swell, or stay the same in a hypotonic solution?
They swell
67
Do cells shrink, swell, or stay the same in a isotonic solution?
They stay the same

High School Biology (23 decks)

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