Midterm Theory Review Flashcards

Question

Differentiate between the 4 AITs? Why would you use Agonist more than the other 3??

Answer 1

Agonist is good for spasm. | **ADD TO THIS***

Answer 2

If the joint surface of the moving bone is CONCAVE the slide of the joint will be in the SAME direction as the swing of the bone. If the joint surface of the moving bone is CONVEX, the slide of the joint will be in the OPPOSITE direction as the swing of the bone.

Answer 3

Concentric- a form of dynamic muscle activation in which tension develops and physical shortening of the muscle occurs as an external resistance is overcome by an internal force as when lifting a weight. Eccentric- involves dynamic muscle activation and tension production that is below the level of external resistance to that physical lengthening of the muscle occurs as it controls the load, as when lowering a weight.

Answer 4

1) Maintain physiological elasticity and contractility of the participating muscles. 2) Provide sensory feedback from the contracting muscles. 3) Provide a stimulus for bone and joint tissue integrity. 4) Increase circulation and prevent thrombus formation. 5) Develop coordination and motor skills for functional activity. 6) HELPS REDUCE MM ATROPHY

Answer 5

Decrease complications that would occur with immobilization, such as: cartilage degeneration, adhesions & contracture formation, sluggish circulation. Specific goals: maintain joint/connective tissue mobility, minimize the effects of the formation of contractures, maintain mechanical elasticity of muscle. Assist circulation and vascular dynamics. Enhance synovial fluid movement for cartilage nutrition. Decrease/inhibit pain. Assist with the healing process after injury or surgery. Help maintain patient awareness of movement. HELPS WITH PROPRIOCEPTION

Answer 6

1) A bony block limits joint motion 2) Recent fracture and bony union is incomplete 3) Acute inflammatory or infectious process (heat & swelling) or soft tissue healing could be disrupted in the restricted tissues and surrounding region 4) Sharp acute pain with joint movement or muscle elongation 5) A hematoma or other indication of tissue trauma is observed 6) Joint hypermobility already exists 7) Shortened soft tissues provide necessary joint stability in lieu of normal structural ability or neuromuscular control 8) Shorted soft tissues enable a patient with paralysis or severe muscle weakness to perform specific functional skills otherwise not possible.

Answer 7

1) Myostatic: short musculotendinous unit, no specific muscle pathology resolved with stretching exercise 2) Pseudomyostatic: due to hypertonicity, spasticity, or rigidity from a CNS lesion, inhibition techniques may relax the hypertonicities or spasm 3) Fibrotic and irreversible contracture: fibrous changes in CT causing them to adhere/stick together. stretching can increase ROM but usually not to optimal length, time dependant outcome, the longer the fibrotic tissue is in place the more irreversible the loss of ROM 4) Arthrogenic and periarticular contractures: due to intra-articular joint pathologies: adhesions, synovial proliferation, irregular articular cartilage, osteophytes. “periarticular” refers to a shortening/shifting of CT that crosses a joint.

Answer 8

Muscle spindles control the length of a muscle. The sarcomere controls muscle tension.

Answer 9

1. Overload Principle: If muscle performance is to improve, a load that exceeds the metabolic capacity the muscle must be applied. Need to increase: intensity-resistance/weight, volume-repetitions/sets frequency. During Strength training the amount of resistance applied is progressively increased. During Endurance training the time of sustained contraction or number of repetitions is increased. 2. SAID Principle: Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands to improve a specific muscle performance element, the resistance program should be matched to that element's constructs. To increase muscle power the exercise program should consist of interventions that increase work demands while decreasing the time that work is accomplished. Specificity of Training: Exercises given should mimic the function you are trying to improve I.e. if endurance needs to improve (rather than strength) the intensity and volume should be geared to that purpose. Task specific training is important, try to recreate movement patterns, limb position and velocity of exercise to mimic the desired goal Transfer of Training (overflow or cross training) Effects are usually less than those achieved with specific training programs, I.e. muscle strengthening exercises can moderately improve endurance however endurance training has little or no cross training effect on strength. 3. Reversibility Principles Increase in strength or endurance are transient unless training induced improvements are regularly used for functional activities or the person is involved in a maintenance program of exercise “Use it or lose it.

Answer 10

Active free to decrease muscle atrophy.

Answer 11

Grade 2: distraction is used for initial treatment to determine how sensitive the joint is (assessment) and if done intermittently it is used to decrease pain as well as maintain joint play when ROM is not allowed

Answer 12

1) Physiological movements Are movements the client can do voluntarily (Flexion, abduction, etc.) The term osteokinematics is used when these motions of the bones are described. 2) Accessory Movements Are movements in the joint and surrounding tissues that are necessary for normal ROM but cannot be actively performed by the client. Joint play: the motion that occurs between the joint surfaces. The “give’ in the joint capsule. These include distraction, slide, rolling, compression, spinning (all termed as arthrokinematic) Component motion – motions that accompany active motion but are not under voluntary control. An example of this includes upward rotation of the scapula with flexion of the shoulder.

Answer 13

Low intensity warm up and cool down.

Answer 14

1) Roll: Occurs on incongruent (unequal) surfaces. New points on one surface meet new points on the opposite surface. The roll is always in the same direction as the swing of the bone. In normally functioning joints, pure rolling doesn’t occur alone but in combination with slide and spinning Ex: femoral condyles rolling on tibial plateau. 2) Slide: The same point on one surface comes into contact with new points on the opposing surface. The direction in which sliding occurs depends on whether the moving surface is concave or convex. Slide opposite –convex, Slide same –if the moving surface is concave. This mechanical relationship is known as the Convex-Concave rule and is the basis for determining the direction of the mobilizing force when joint mobilizations are used

Answer 15

Hypermobility, Joint effusion (swelling due to trauma or disease), Inflammation, Mobilizations may be used with extreme care in the following conditions if the signs and patient’s responses are favorable.

Answer 16

1) Toe Region: The area of the stress-strain curve where there is considerable deformation without the use of much force. Normal function of range of daily activities. 2) Elastic range: Strain is directly proportional to the ability of tissue to resist the force. Bringing tissue through available range. Tissue returns to its original size and shape when load is released. 3) Elastic limit: End of elastic range. Point beyond which the tissue does not return to its original shape and size. 4) Plastic range: Extends from the elastic limit to the point of rupture. Causes permanent deformation after load is released. Process may result in increased length from stretching, Individual fibers will rupture. 5) Ultimate strength: The maximum strain the tissue can sustain. 6) Region of Necking: When there is considerable weakening of the tissue & it rapidly fails. 7) Failure: Tissue ruptures and loses its integrity o 8) Structural Stiffness: Tissues with greater stiffness have a steeper slope in the elastic region of the curve, indicating that there is less elastic deformation as stress (load) increases. Ex: contractures and scar tissue have greater stiffness due to a greater degree of bonding between collagen fibers and their surrounding matrix. Tissue with less stiffness will demonstrate greater elongation than those with greater stiffness under the same external load.

Answer 17

Refers to the viscosity of the tissues and is therefore time dependent. When a load is applied for an extended period of time, the tissue elongates resulting in permanent deformation. Low magnitude loads in the elastic range applied for long periods, allow time for the collagen fibers to realign and become stronger.

Answer 18

Stabilization Exercise Typically consists of contractions against resistance in antigravity or weight bearing positions. Resistance is usually provided by body weight or applied manually Used to develop a submaximal but sustained level of concentration to improve postural stability or dynamic joint stability. Multiple-angle isometrics Resistance is applied at multiple joint positions within the available ROM. Used when the goal of exercise is to improve strength throughout the ROM when joint motion is permissible but dynamic resistance exercise is painful or inadvisable.

Answer 19

Vertebrae, Femurs, Hips, Wrists

Answer 20

Ability to perform low intensity repetitive or sustained activities over a prolonged period of time Two types of Endurance: Cardiovascular endurance: Total body endurance Repetitive dynamic motor activities like walking/cycling Muscle endurance: Local endurance The ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against an external load, generate and sustain tension, and resist fatigue over an extended period of time.

Answer 21

The ability of structures to be moved freely, without restriction. Can be used interchangeably with mobility

Answer 22

If the joint surface of the moving bone is CONCAVE the slide of the joint will be in the SAME direction as the swing of the bone. If the joint surface of the moving bone is CONVEX, the slide of the joint will be in the OPPOSITE direction as the swing of the bone.

Answer 23

Form of dynamic muscle activation in which tension develops and physical shortening of the muscle occurs as an external resistance is overcome by an internal force as when lifting a weight.

Answer 24

Involves dynamic muscle activation and tension production that is below the level of external resistance to that physical lengthening of the muscle occurs as it controls the load, as when lowering a weight.

Answer 25

Posterior glide | Expand answer what grade?

Answer 26

Grades 1 Grade 2 is for assessment Inflammation is CI??