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midterm two Flashcards

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1
Q

peter i’s foreign policy

A

wars granted access to the seas
- southern access to the black sea (ottoman empire)
- the northern war against the swedes

peter defeats king charles xii in 1709 at the battle of poltava, a highly publicized event

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2
Q

st. petersburg

A

st. petersburg was founded in 1703 after peter lost the battle of narva

“the city of saint peter”

the monarch’s patron, st. peter, was the first bishop of rome

expressed peter’s imperial ambition

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3
Q

1721

A

peter becomes emperor after winning the northern war and gains access to the baltic sea

the stardom becomes an empire and the tsar becomes an emperor

the russian empire consists of russia, white russia (belarus), and small russia/malorossijo (ukraine)

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4
Q

the table of ranks

A
  • contained 14 ranks
  • was used until 1917
  • three fields: army/navy, administration, court
  • based on merit, not birth
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5
Q

peter’s church reform

A
  • patriarch is the head of the russian orthodox church (roc)
  • in 1720, the patriarch dies, but peter doesn’t appoint a new one
  • he creates a new office to run/control the church, the holy synod
  • the synod was headed by a civil servant (often from the military)
  • the synod runs the roc until 1917
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6
Q

peter’s cultural reform

A
  • brutally imposed on the russian people
  • changed to the julian calendar
  • modified the cyrillic alphabet to look more latin-y
  • introduced arabic numbers
  • forced nobility to dress in european clothing styles
  • forced noblemen to cut their beards (could pay a tax to keep them)
  • forced men into western social occasions with women, known as “assemblies”
  • forced aristocracy to move from moscow to petersburg
  • inapplicable to peasants, clergymen, and merchants
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7
Q

first russian museum

A

kunst kamera

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8
Q

peter’s political schism

A

westernization concerned only a small minority of the population (aristocrats)

resulted in a gap between the elites and the rest of the population

aristocracy felt estranged and guilty in their own country

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9
Q

peter’s foreign architects

A

domenico tressini (switzerland)
andreas schüter (germany)
jean-baptiste leblond (france, built peterhoff)

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10
Q

the vedomosti

A

first russian newspaper (established in 1703)

government-run

translates to “the news”

would later become “the st. petersburg news”

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11
Q

etiquette manuals

A

in 1717, “the youth’s honest mirror” is published, which encourages gentle and well-behaved nobles and courtiers

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12
Q

petrovian literature

A
  • fiction about young russian nobles
  • action was set in contemporary times
  • young heroes would travel to contemporary europe
  • individual talent was stressed over birthright
  • prose and romance genres emerge
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13
Q

russian empresses

A

catherine i
anna ivanovna
elizabeth peprovna
catherine ii

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14
Q

empress’ rule’s dynamics (heavily relied on nobility)

A

empresses only gained the throne due to the nobility, so they rewarded them by accommodating them

undermined peter’s merit system and reinstated the birth system

anna created a cadet corp school for noble children

limited state service to only 25 years

nobility were given a monopoly on alcohol production, making them even richer

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15
Q

empress’ rule’s dynamics (peasant’s conditions worsened)

A

more limitations were placed on serf’s rights

no time limit on retrieving runaway serfs

serfs could be sent to siberia if nobles were unhappy with them

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16
Q

neoclassicism

A

new literature influenced by antique literature from ancient greece and rome

developed in 17th century france in louis xiv’s court

has rational rules and imitates classics

introduced the concept of genres

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17
Q

hierarchy of neoclassic genres

A

epic
tragedy
ode
satire
comedy
short narrative
fable
epigram
elegy

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18
Q

odes

A

odes are long, laudatory poems dedicated to the glory of someone important

writers would write odes to the sovereign and other courtiers

writing odes granted money, protection, or a higher rank

modeled the patron/client system, with dignitaries as the patron and poets as the clients

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19
Q

neoclassic poets

A

antiokh kantemir (prince)
vasily trediakovsky (commoner)
mikhail lomonosov (commoner)
alexander sumarokov (aristocrat)

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20
Q

catherine ii’s reforms

A
  • catherine ii was very well read, fashioning herself as an enlightened despot (believing in absolutism with power being limited by the law), and also a writer
  • wanted to rule an enlightened nobility
  • supported the arts, sciences, development of literature, and translation
  • granted nobility the right to free press and encouraged publishing
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21
Q

“the journey from petersburg to moscow”

Study These Flashcards
A

written in 1790 by alexander radischev as a fictional travelogue

it was staunchly anti-catherine, resulting in her sending him to siberia

22
Q

the pugachev rebellion

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A

lasted from 1773-1774

emilean pugachev was a southeastern cossack who rebelled by pretending to be peter iii

recruited the broads and some serf peasants

this rebellion disturbed catherine greatly

23
Q

catherine ii’s conquering

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A
  • captured most of poland through three partitions, leading to the concept of finis poloniae (“the end of poland”)
  • gained part of western ukraine belarus
  • gained southern and southeastern ukraine and crimea from the tatars
  • two new cities: odessa (commercial port) and sebastopol (naval base)
  • grigori potemkine was responsible for these expansions, calling it “new russia”
24
Q

greek project

Study These Flashcards
A

catherine ii’s plan to create a new orthodox greek satellite state through expansion

25
catherine ii's westernizing
- russian music develops, seeing the first russian composers and operas - russian painting school developed and sculptures appear - all art is now on an elite european level - neoclassicism architecture was simpler, antique-inspired, and modeled after greek temples and roman villas - neopaladianism was based on the designed of italian architect palladio
26
sentimentalism
introduced new genres: diaries, private letters, and short stories focused on private life and building human relationships challenged traditional values such as state service and public success replaced these ideas with intimacy, friendship, and family happiness
27
freemasonry
secret societies of men that performed rituals in order to achieve moral improvement cult of brotherhood and social equality between members they created an ideal, secluded alternative society where nobles have more agency catherine and the government were strongly against the freemasons because it was outside their control
28
alexander i's war timeline
1801 - 1805: tries liberal reforms 1805 - 1807: first war against france, russia loses 1807 - 1812: more liberal reforms led by mikahil speranski, who wanted to imitate the french system, but faced opposition from the conservative nobles 1812: napoleon invades russia with his "great army" of a million soldiers and russia sets moscow on fire 1812 - 1815: second war against france, speranski is fired, russia wins, leading to the end of napoleon 1814: russia occupies paris
29
the great moscow fire
the french believed the fire was a sign of savagery russians believed the fire was a sign of stoicism tsar alexander i believed the fire was a punishment for his patricide and a call to become god's instrument on earth to defeat napoleon
30
the holy alliance
- created by alexander in 1815 - union of russia, prussia, and austria based on religion - application of religious ideals to foreign policy - active until the 1840s, mostly suppressed rebellions - major step in the rise of russia political messianism
31
decemberists
wanted to westernize and become a constitutional monarchy
32
alexander shishkov
an "archaist," believing that russian literature should return to being written in church slavonic
33
golden age of russian poetry
1820 - 1841 (nicholas' reign)
34
policeman of europe
nickname for nicholas i because he hated any form of revolution, domestic or foreign
35
the crimean war
last from 1853 - 1856 led to the collapse of nicholas' regime one of the first modern wars in the west revealed russia's underdevelopment compared to the rest of europe
36
culture under nicholas
1820: alexander pushkin published "ruslan & ludmila" 1841: mikhail lermentov dies - poetry dominated over prose - all poets were aristocrats (no plebian writers)
37
romanticism
emphasized individual freedom, youth, boredom/disgust over society, marginality (obsession with gypsies), fascination with death and thrill-seeking, exoticism, and nature
38
the pushkin group
tried to imitate pushkin's work main poets were anton delving and petr vyazemsky
39
the decembrist poets
main poets were wilhelm küchelbecker (sent to siberia) and kondraty ryleev (hung) wrote about their love of freedom, hatred of autocracy, and their longing for political sacrifice obsessed with the serfs and sympathized with the oppressed
40
the philosophical poets
main concept was german romantic/idealistic philosophy (especially shelling) main poets were dmitri venevitov and evgeni baratynski
41
pushkin's narratives
- "prisoner of the caucasus" was about colonial conquest - "the gypsies" was about freedom and jealousy - "poltava" was about peter the great - "the bronze horseman" was about individualism versus autocracy
42
pushkin's prose
- "the tales of belkin" (metatextual) - "the queen of spades" (supernatural) - "the captain's daughter" (pugachev rebellion)
43
alexander pushkin (1799 - 1837)
- considered russia's best poet - gained a cult following (especially during soviet times) - fixed russia's literary language - romanticist and a dandy - wrote a novel in verse called "eugene onegin" where the hero is a st. petersburg dandy in a romantic drama
44
the superfluous man
type of russian literary protagonist a man who doesn't fit in anywhere i.e. chatsky ("woe from wit"), onegin ("eugene onegin"), pechorin ("a hero of our time")
45
mikhail lermentov
- aristocrat and military officer - byronic, ironic, fearless, womanizing, narcissistic - hated conformity, obsessed with individual liberty - also a painter, duelist, and a thrill-seeker - romanticist who wrote lyrical poetry - wrote "the death of the poet" that blamed the court for pushkin's death - lived 1814 to 1841
46
"a hero of our time"
novel written in 1840 by mikhail lermentov collection of short stories of exoticism and adventure first example of russian psychological prose led to a cultural shift from focus on poetry to a focus on prose pecorino is the protagonist and superfluous man
47
nikolay gogol
- ukrainian, but wrote in russian - absurd writer who focused on the grotesque and ridiculous - started with short stories about bureaucrats in petersburg and their fantasies - considered a social writer - sympathized with the poor bureaucrats and the "little man" - wrote "the overcoat" and "the diary of a madman"
48
dead souls
long novel written in 1842 by nikolay gogol the hero is chichikov who is a figure for the devil "dead souls" refers to the dead serfs and their owners dark comedy, metaphor for russia's grand future
49
sergey uvarov
minister of education who developed the 1831 triad of "orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality"
50
petr chaadaev
in 1836, published the first of his "philosophical letters" - russia is disconnected from the rest of the world (it's not europe or asia) - it has an empty history, no space, and no past - forced to import foreign models and forced to parrot - has no future of it's own - believed joining the greek church was a grave mistake because the greek church was evil while the catholic church was the driving force behind history

russian culture (3 decks)

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