Midterms 1 Flashcards by Cindy Laarni Nambio

the act of assigning numbers or
symbols to characteristics of things according to
rules

Measurement

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methods used to provide
concise description of a collection of quantitative
information

Descriptive Statistics

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methods used to provide
concise description of a collection of quantitative
information

Descriptive Statistics

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method used to make
inferences from observations of a small group of people
known as sample to a larger group of individuals
known as population

Inferential Statistics –

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– the property of “moreness”

Magnitude

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– the difference between two points
at any place on the scale has the same meaning as the
difference between two other points that differ by the
same number of scale units

Equal Intervals

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– when nothing of the property being
measured exists

Absolute 0

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a set of numbers who properties model
empirical properties of the objects to which the
numbers are assigned

Scale

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takes on any value within the
range and the possible value within that range is infinite
- used to measure a variable which can theoretically be
divided

Continuous Scale –

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– can be counted; has distinct, countable
values
- used to measure a variable which cannot be
theoretically be divided

Discrete Scale

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– refers to the collective influence of all the
factors on a test score or measurement beyond those
specifically measured by the test or measurement

Error

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Four Levels of Scales of Measurement

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

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– involve classification or categorization
based on one or more distinguishing characteristics
- Label and categorize observations but do not make
any quantitative distinctions between observations

Nominal

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rank ordering on some characteristics is also
permissible
- median

Ordinal

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contains equal intervals, has no absolute zero
point (even negative values have interpretation to it)
Zero value does not mean it represents none

Interval

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has true zero point (if the score is zero, it means
none/null)
- Easiest to manipulate

Ratio

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defined as a set of test scores arrayed
for recording or study

Distribution

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– straightforward, unmodified
accounting of performance that is usually numerical

Raw Scores

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– all scores are listed
alongside the number of times each score occurred

Frequency Distribution

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being manipulated in the
study

Independent Variable

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nonmanipulated
variable to designate groups

Quasi-Independent Variable –

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statistics that
indicates the average or midmost score between the
extreme scores in a distribution

Measures of Central Tendency –

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– the average of all the raw scores
- Equal to the sum of the observations divided by the
number of observations

Mean

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the middle score of the distribution
- Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
- Useful in cases where relatively few scores fall at the
high end of the distribution or relatively few scores fall
at the low end of the distribution

Median

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most frequently occurring score in the distribution

Mode

an indication how scores in a distribution are scattered or dispersed

Variability

statistics that describe the amount of variation in a distribution

Measures of Variability

– equal to the difference between highest and the lowest score

Range

– dividing points between the four quarters in the distribution ▪ Specific point

Quartile

– equal to the square root of the average squared deviations about the mean

Standard Deviation

also known as Gaussian Curve o Bell-shaped, smooth, mathematically defined curve that is highest at its center

Normal Curve –

– 2 – 3 standard deviations above and below the mean

Tail

– right side of the graph is mirror image of the left side

Symmetrical Distribution

nature and extent to which symmetry is absent

Skewness

few scores fall the high end of the distribution ▪ The exam is difficult

Positive Skewed

– when relatively few of the scores fall at the low end of the distribution ▪ The exam is easy

Negative Skewed

– steepness if a distribution in its center

Kurtosis

relatively flat

Platykurtic

– relatively peaked

Leptokurtic

– somewhere in the middle

Mesokurtic

raw score that has been converted from one scale to another scale

Standard Score

– results from the conversion of a raw score into a number indicating how many SD units the raw score is below or above the mean of the distribution

Z-Scores

– a scale with a mean set at 50 and a standard deviation set at 10

T-Scores

– a method of scaling test scores on a nine- point standard scale with a mean of five (5) and a standard deviation of two (2)

Stanine

one that retains a direct numerical relationship to the original raw score

Linear Transformation

required when the data under consideration are not normally distributed

Nonlinear Transformation –

statistical method that uses a sample data to evaluate a hypothesis about a population

Hypothesis Testing

– states there is a change, difference, or relationships

Alternative Hypothesis

– no change, no difference, or no relationship

Null Hypothesis

used to define concept of “very unlikely” in a hypothesis test

Alpha Level or Level of Significance

composed of extreme values that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis is true

Critical Region

statistical hypotheses specify either an increase or a decrease in the population mean

Directional Hypothesis Test or One-Tailed Test

– used to test hypotheses about an unknown population mean and variance

T-Test

number that provides us with an index of the strength of the relationship between two things

Correlation Coefficient

an expression of the degree and direction of correspondence between two things

Correlation

– used when two variables being correlated are continuous and linear

Pearson r/Pearson Correlation Coefficient/Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation

frequently used if the sample size is small and when both sets of measurement are in ordinal

Spearman Rho/Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient/Rank-Difference Correlation Coefficient

extremely atypical point located at a relatively long distance from the rest of the coordinate points in a scatterplo

Outlier

used for prediction ▪ Predict the values of a dependent or response variable based on values of at least one independent or explanatory variable

Regression Analysis

comparison or determining differences

T-Test (Independent)

2 groups are equal

Equal Variance

groups are unequal

Unequal Variance

one groups nominal (either matched or repeated measures) + 2 treatments

T-test (Dependent)/Paired Test

3 or more IV, 1 DV comparison of differences

One-Way ANOVA

– 2 IV, 1 DV

Two-Way ANOVA

reject the null and accept the alternative if [ obtained value > critical value ]

Critical Value

reject null and accept alternative if

P-Value (Probability Value)

refer to the performances by defined groups on a particular test

Norms –

an expression of the percentage of people whose score on a tests or measure falls below a particular raw score

Percentiles

average performance of different samples of testtakers who were at various ages at the time the test was administered

Age Norms

– developed by administering the test to representative samples of children over a range of consecutive grade levels

Grade Norms

derived from a normative sample that was nationally representative of the population at the time the norming study was conducted

National norms

– normative sample can be segmented by any criteria initially used in selecting subjects for the sample

Subgroup Norms

– provide normative information with respect to the local population’s performance on some tests

Local Norms

– certain tests have different normative groups for age groups

Age-Related Norms

– tendency to stay at about the same level relative to one’s peers

Tracking

– compares each person with the norm

Norm-Referenced Tests

– compares each person with the norm

Norm-Referenced Tests

describes specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge that the test taker can demonstrate

Criterion-Referenced Tests –

describes specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge that the test taker can demonstrate

Criterion-Referenced Tests –

Midterms 1 Flashcards

(80 cards)