MIDTERMS Flashcards by Marie Claire Pasil

Branch in philosophy that studies the nature and types of value

AXIOLOGY

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Provide direction and meaning to life and a frame of reference for integrating, explaining, and evaluating new experiences, thoughts and relationships

VALUES

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 A reflection of individual’s cognitive evaluation of right and wrong, good and bad

Moral Thoughts

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 Preferences or dispositions reflective of right or wrong, should or should not in human behavior

Moral Values

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Core Values
GETTIC-R

 Goals
 Ethics
 Trust
 Teamwork
 Innovation
 Customers
 Responsibility

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Acquiring Values
CEEEFO

 Cultural
 Ethnic
 Familial
 Environmental
 Education
 Other experience of living

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4 Things to know how self-aware are you

 Good understanding of self
 Introspective and self-accepting
 Know their strength and weaknesses
 Open to feedback

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Moral Distress

 Reaction to the situation in which there is a moral problems that seem to have clear solutions, yet we are unable to follow our moral beliefs because of external restraints

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Feel control
Know values
Do priorities
Value-creation
Sense making

BALANCE

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 Oneself
 Family
 Work
 Friends
 Flexibility
 Reflection

TIME

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 Family
 Spouse
 Boss
 Colleagues
 Need recognition
 Set limits

EXPECTATIONS

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 Sleep
 Breaks
 Food
 Signs of flagging energy

WELL BEING

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 Sense-making
 Conflicts/teamwork
 Positive spill-over
 Work process

ENERGY

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T or F
 Nurses take part in decision-making on a broader scale

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o Virtues become apparently through one’s behavior and are obviously linked to ethical principles Descriptions of character portray a way of being rather than the process of decision-making The ability to respond to ethical dilemmas then becomes hinged upon one’s character

Virtue Ethics

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concerned with the character of individual nurses and seeks ways to enable nurses to develop character traits appropriate for actions that enhance wellbeing

Virtue Ethics

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Cowardly
Addictive
Stingy
Self-deprecating
Boorish
Quarrelsome
Melancholy
Depraved
Envious
Mean
Lazy
EXAMPLE OF WHAT VIRTUE?

Vice (Deficiency)

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Brave
Temperate
Generous
Truthful
Witty
Friendly
Spirited
Conscientious
Indignant
Benevolent
Industrious
EXAMPLE OF WHAT VIRTUE?

Virtue (Mean)

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Rash
Ascetic
Extravagant
Boastful
Buffoonish
Bootlicking
Boisterous
Deferential
Retributive
Self-sacrificing
Single-minded
EXAMPLE OF WHAT VIRTUE?

Vice (Excess)

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4 Virtue Ethics Tenets
It provides…
_____ account of moral ______
d - c
r - g
p - e
nc - m

It provides…
 a detailed account of moral character
 a rich account of moral goodness
 a plausible account of moral education
 a natural and convincing account of moral motivation

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4 FOCAL VIRTUES:
C D T I

Compassion
Discernment
Trustworthiness
Integrity

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Virtuous acts must be chosen for their own sake
Choice must proceed from a from and unchangeable character
Virtue is a disposition to choose the mean

Aristotle’s traits of a virtuous character provided 3 criteria:

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The Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses was made after a consultation on October 23, 2013 at Iloilo City after accredited professional organizations decided to adopt a new Code of Ethics under the _____

RA 9173

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The Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses was made after a consultation on ____ at _____ after accredited professional organizations decided to adopt a new Code of Ethics under the RA 9173.

October 23, 2013 at Iloilo City

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 Responding to ethical dilemmas depends upon own's virtuous characteristics  Becoming an ethical nurse requires commitment, personal investment, and the intention to become a “good” nurse

Code of Ethics in Nursing Practice

5 Ethics for Registered Nurses include responsibilities RN and.... PPPEC

 People  Practice  Co-Workers  Environment  Profession

 Is concerned with the study of social morality and philosophical reflection on its norms and practices philosophy moral philosophy morality ethics

Ethics

 "Intense and critical examination of beliefs and assumptions that offers principles for deciding what actions and qualities are most worthwhile”

Philosophy

 The Philosophical discussion of what is considered good or bad, right or wrong, in terms of moral issues

Moral Philosophy

 Refers to traditions or beliefs about right and wrong conduct  Social and cultural institution with history and code of learnable rules

Morality

Recognition of ______ of practice and engagement in a structured ethical decision-making process

ethical components

 Willingness and courage to participate in work that is emotionally painful  Must have a solid knowledge base that prepares us to identify circumstances that evolve ethical component  Be sensitive, patient, and insightful  Knowledgeable and adept n making logical, fair and consistent decision

4 Basic Element

T or F Nursing is a profession that deals with the most personal and private aspects of people lives

 W____ and c____ to participate in work that is emotionally painful  Must have a solid k____ base that prepares us to identify circumstances that evolve ethical component  Be s____, p____, and i____  Knowledgeable and adept n making l____, f___ and c____ d____

Willingness and courage solid knowledge sensitive, patient, and insightful logical, fair and consistent decision

T or F Nurses may not be called to take part in decision making

T or F nurses are faced with ethical choices that affects the profession itself

PHILOSOPHY that is Attentive to critical examination of assumption about FACTS & ARGUMENT

Philosophy of KNOWLEDGE

PHILOSOPHY that is Attentive to a critical examination of assumptions about NORMS or VALUES and include ETHICS

Philosophy of PRACTICE

 provides a framework for cohesive and consistent ethical reasoning and decision making

ETHICAL THEORY

Ethical theories are derived either of 2 basic schools of thoughts

- NATURALISM - REALISM

Ethical Theory that View of moral judgment that regards ethics as dependent upon human nature and psychology

NATURALISM

Ethical Theory that Views that there is an absolute truth that is not dependent upon human nature through the process of reasoning

REALISM

T or F moral or ethical rules, originating from a higher source and being free of the variances in human nature, are not always true

T or F There are no apparent absolute rules governing ethics

T or F The answer to the question does not lies in the perspectives of the person involved

theory of morality that derives duty or moral obligation from what is good or desirable as an end to be achieved T

Teleology

5 The Structure Of Ethical Theories DCT NLT U VE D

Divine Command Theory Natural Law Theory Utilitarianism Virtue Ethics Deontology

Moral Grounding: supernatural commands Criticism: Euthyphro Dilemma Divine Command Theory Natural Law Theory Utilitarianism Virtue Ethics Deontology

Divine Command Theory

Moral Grounding: basic goods Criticism: is-ought gap Divine Command Theory Natural Law Theory Utilitarianism Virtue Ethics Deontology

Natural Law Theory

Moral Grounding: behavioral consequence Criticism: repugnant conclusion Divine Command Theory Natural Law Theory Utilitarianism Virtue Ethics Deontology

Utilitarianism

Moral Grounding: character traits Criticism: situational psychology Divine Command Theory Natural Law Theory Utilitarianism Virtue Ethics Deontology

Virtue Ethics

Moral Grounding: categorical imperative Criticism: moral inflexibility Divine Command Theory Natural Law Theory Utilitarianism Virtue Ethics Deontology

Deontology

 Also called 'consequentialism', is a form of teleological theory.  A moral theory that holds that an action is judged as good or bad in relation to the consequences outcome, or end result that derived from it  “The right action is that which has the greatest utility or usefulness"

Utilitarianism

 Most famous for proposing the doctrine of Utilitarianism  The doctrine is based on the idea that pleasure & pain are the motivation for all human action Jeremy Bentham or Immanuel Kant

Jeremy Bentham

2 Basic Types of Utilitarianism

Act-Utilitarianism Rule-Utilitarianism

 People choose actions that will, in any given circumstance, increase the overall good Rule-Utilitarianism Act-Utiliarianism

Act-Utilitarianism

 People choose rules that, when followed consistently, will maximize the overall good Rule-Utilitarianism Act-Utiliarianism

Rule-Utilitarianism

 Also called formalism, which comes from a Greek word that means DUTY.  View that the rightness or wrongness of an act depends upon the nature of the act, rather than its consequences.  “Knowledge of the right course of action in any given situation could be obtained by following a maxim that he called the categorical imperative"!

Deontology

 Kantianism “Domination makes no allowance for the dominated person's power of decision making”  Everyone is equal to make a legislative decision - liberty, equality, and fraternity  Considered as the foundation of contemporary beliefs Jeremy Bentham or Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant

Act must be good Intention is good First achieved good Grave reason Legitimate Cooperation Double Effect

 Double Effect

o Which is indentified with the purpose of an objectively evil act Legitimate Cooperation Double Effect

 Legitimate cooperation

 Sum total of those conditions of social living whereby citizens are enabled more fully and more readily to achieve their own perfection Common Good Subsidiary

 Common good

 Implies that the first responsibility to meet human needs rests with the free and competent individual, then with the local group Common Good Subsidiarity

Subsidiarity

Ethical Principles 7

Autonomy Beneficence Confidentiality Fidelity Justice Nonmaleficence Veracity

 Freedom to choose and do anything you want  An important principle in cultures where all individuals are

Autonomy

T or F  Autonomy CANNOT thrive in a climate that does not allow for either the independent planning of personal goals or the privilege of examining and choosing options to meet goals

Four Basic Elements of Autonomy Autonomous person (r, d, d, f) is r able to dpg capacity to dpoa freedom to auc

o is respected o able to determine personal goals o capacity to decide on a plan of action o freedom to act upon the choices

T or F The role of health care professionals is one of POWER based upon knowledge and authority and is inherent in the role

T or F NURSES ASSUMES that patients have the same values and goals as themselves

F falsely assumes

T or F Failure to recognize that individual's thoughts processes are SAME

F different

T or F Failure to recognize subtle violations of patient's autonomy lies in our assumptions about patient's knowledge base

T or F Failure to recognize subtle violations of patient's autonomy lies in the unfortunate fact that in some instances the "work" of nursing becomes the major focus

 The process by which patients are informed of the possible outcomes, alternatives, and risks of treatments, and are required to give their consent freely

Informed Consent

T or F Informed Consent can be expired

3 REQUIREMENTS FOR INFORMED CONSENT

1. It must be voluntary 2. It must be informed 3. Must be capable of giving their consent

 It is important to recognize that obtaining consent is an _____ It requires careful consideration and judgment throughout the course of treatment

Active Process

5 Types of Consent EPIIO

 Implied Consent  Oral Consent  Expressed Consent  Proxy Consent  Informed Consent

o Clinical checkup and treatment  Implied Consent  Oral Consent  Expressed Consent  Proxy Consent  Informed Consent

 Implied Consent

o Intimate examination  Implied Consent  Oral Consent  Expressed Consent  Proxy Consent  Informed Consent

 Expressed Consent

o Voluntary, detailed, counselled, competent, procedure and person specific  Implied Consent  Oral Consent  Expressed Consent  Proxy Consent  Informed Consent

 Informed Consent

the ff are;  Assess and document  Review rights of minors  Develop therapeutic relationship  Verify prior consent  Serve as witness o Exam  Advocate for the patient o Reinforce only the concept

Nurses' Role Informed Consent

is the process by which people with the legal right to consent to medical treatment for themselves or for a minor or a ward delegate that right to another person. o Age o Relationship o Legal Responsibility o Accessibility

PROXY CONSENT

A pregnant woman at 15 weeks' gestation is scheduled for an amniocentesis. As the client is being prepped for the procedure, it becomes clear to the nurse that the client doesn't fully understand the risks and benefits associated with the procedure. Which of the following describe the nurse's role in obtaining informed consent? A. Explain the risks and benefits associated with the procedure. B. Describe alternatives to the procedure. C. Look for another witness for the client's signature on the consent form. D. Advocate for the client by ensuring she is making an informed decision.

D. Advocate for the client by ensuring she is making an informed decision.

A married couple who recently immigrated from Argentina bring their 15-yearold daughter to see a counselor at a community clinic. Neither of the parents speaks English; however, their daughter feels very comfortable communicating in both Spanish and English. What are the therapist's responsibilities at the onset of treatment? A. Obtain informed consent from the daughter since she is old enough to consent on her own B. Take additional steps to ensure parents' comprehension of the informed consent contract C. Document in the record the fact that parents do not speak English D. Allow the family to take the informed consent papers home so they can take their time in translating and filling out necessary paperwork

B. Take additional steps to ensure parents' comprehension of the informed consent contract

 The unwillingness of patient to participate in health care activities.

NONCOMPLIANCE

 Requires nurses to act in ways that benefits patients o Morally & legally demanded by our professional role  Promote goodness  Prevent harm  Remove evil or harm  DOING GOOD  Foundation of beneficence – caring for someone

Beneficence

‘FIRST DO NO HARM”  Requires to act in such a manner as to AVOID causing harm to patients.  Avoiding harm as to the consequence of doing good  If it can harm our patient we should not continue procedure. We should always prioritize the safety of a person

Nonmaleficence

The emergency room team decides that the most critically ill patient will be treated first. Which of the ff ethical principles is illustrated by the decision-making process in this case? A. Autonomy B. Beneficence C. Nonmaleficence D. Respect

B. Beneficence

 Relates to the practice of telling the truth  Openness and Honesty  Truth telling engenders respect, open communication, trust, and shared responsibility  Violation shows lacks of respect

Veracity

 Nondisclosure of private or secret information with which one is entrusted  Can be found in the oaths of medicine and nursing  The ability to maintain privacy in one's life is an expression of autonomy  Always deidentify all identifyers

Confidentiality

 is an important consideration in situations in which confidentiality conflicts with the duty to warn. foreseeablity vulnerability

Foreseeability

 implies risk or susceptibility to harm when vulnerable individuals have a relative inability to protect themselves foreseeablity vulnerability

Vulnerability

A principle that relates to fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to persons, recognizing that giving to some will deny receipt of others who might otherwise have received these things

Justice

 refers to the perceived fairness of an allocation or, more broadly, to how people judge what they receive

Distributive Justice

Distributed Justice  To each e  To each according to n  To each according to m  To each according to s c  To each according to the p r  To each according to i e  To each as you would be d by  To each according to the greatest good to the greatest n

equally need merit social contribution person's rights individual effort done greatest number

 Related to the concept of faithfulness and the practice of keeping promises

Fidelity

usually means remaining loyal and steadfast This word is associated with religion

FAITHFULNESS

showing a strong feeling of support or allegiance to something or someone This word not is associated with religion

LOYALTY

You are one of the vaccinators in the Measles- Rubella Campaign. One mother hesitated since she verbalized that it would hurt her son. As a well-versed nurse about ethical considerations, you explained to the mother that it might cause discomfort, but it will protect her son from acquiring the said diseases. What principle did you utilize? A. Autonomy B. Beneficence C. Nonmaleficence D. Justice

 A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning. principle stewardship fidelity veracity

Principle

4 principles of bioethics STOP

 Stewardship  Totality and its Integrity  Ordinary and Extraordinary Means  Personalized Sexuality

Principle that Appreciate of the 2 greatest gifts God gave us:  The earth, with its natural resources  Own human nature with its biological, psychological, social, and spiritual capacities  Stewardship  Totality and its Integrity  Ordinary and Extraordinary Means  Personalized Sexuality

Principle of Stewardship

refers to the execution of the responsibility of healthcare practitioners to look after, provide necessary health care services and promote the health and life of those entrusted to their care setewardship ordinary unordinary personalized sexuality

Stewardship

 The human body is an integral part of the human person (whatever happens in the body, should always be respected) and is therefore worthy of human dignity.  Stewardship  Totality and its Integrity  Ordinary and Extraordinary Means  Personalized Sexuality

Principle of Totality and its Integrity

 means are those "means of treatment available (that) are objectively proportionate to the prospects for improvement  Ex. Nutrition, Hydration, Cleanliness, Warmth  Basic administering

ORDINARY

 means are "medical procedures which no longer correspond to the real situation of the patient, either because they are by now disproportionate to any expected results or because they impose an excessive burden on the patient and his family."  Test that is not part of the treatment

EXTRAORDINARY

means offers a reasonable hope for benefit without an excessive burden proportionate disproportionate

 PROPORTIONATE

o means don't offer a reasonable hope of benefit or that create an excessive burden o hindi magbebenefit sa patient o taking survey or study proportionate disproportionate

 DISPROPORTIONATE

Principle based on an understanding of sexuality as one of the basic traits of a person and must be developed in ways consistent with enhancing human dignity.

Principle of Personalized Sexuality