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A level GEO > Migration > Flashcards

Migration Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is Singapore’s attitude towards migration?

A

Open policy towards economic migrants
Low skilled labour from India, Philippines
High skilled from developed countries

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2
Q

What is Japan’s attitude towards migration?

A

Less than 2% of population is foreign born
Challenge of ageing population
Test to stay

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3
Q

Australias attitude towards migration

A

Recent restrictive policies eg points system
Only 16000 economic migrants granted access between 2018 and 19

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4
Q

Why might people migrate?

A

High employment rates = economic opportunities
Conflict - persecuted groups
Education - intl students
Climate change

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5
Q

What is lees migration model?

A

Location A - Intervening place - location B
There are intervening obstacles between A and B
Migration is a complex decision influenced by various push and pull factors

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6
Q

Define a refugee

A

People forced to flee their home countries due to persecution

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7
Q

Define Asylum seeker

A

individual who has left their country of origin and formally applied for asylum in another country, but whose application has not yet been concluded

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8
Q

What are the issues surrounding mass migration?

A

Cannot keep track of who’s coming in
Strain on education/healthcare/services/housing
Increased crime rates
Threat to national security
Danger to migrants due to racism

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9
Q

Why might extreme parties occur?

A

Different cultures enter a country, bringing food/customs/beliefs
This could result in a stronger identity/nationalism

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10
Q

Define assimilation

A

The eventual adoption of the cultural traits belonging to a host or majority community by a migrant or minority community. Sometimes at the expense of their own distinctiveness

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11
Q

What influences rates of assimilation?

A

1)Government policy - segregation or forced assimilation
2)Degrees of difference in culture/ethnicity
3)Length of residence
4)Reason for migration

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12
Q

How does government policy influence assimilation?

A

Netherlands - used to not care about assimilation, eg providing documents in different languages

Now they are insisting on greater rates of assimilation eg stricter citizenship test

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13
Q

How does degrees of difference in culture affect rates of assimilation?

A

Irish migrants assimilated quickly - same language and similar culture

Muslims in Bradford do not assimilate - ethnic enclave

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14
Q

Why might the reason for migration affect rates of assimilation?

A

A migrant may assimilate faster if they moved due to something they want to forgot eg war/persecution

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15
Q

Define integration in migration

A

Involves high degrees of both maintenance of minority culture and majority society engagement

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16
Q

Define marginalisation

A

The situation where there is loss of minority culture but with no investment in majority culture either

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17
Q

What is separation in migration

A

Used to describe the exclusive maintenance of minority culture with no adoption of majority culture

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18
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of acculturation?

A

Integration
Assimilation
Separation
Marginalisation

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19
Q

What are 3 ways that borders are created?

A

Natural/physical borders
Historical borders
Political/ colonial

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20
Q

How are natural/physical borders created?

A

Rivers: (Eg Niagara river USA/Canada) separate people
Mountains eg Pyrenees France /spain
Seas/ oceans eg English Channel

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21
Q

How are historical borders created?

A

Eg in Europe - geopolitical map corresponds to culture and languages

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22
Q

How are colonial borders created?

A

After countries get independence
Eg conference in Berlin to decide division of Africa
Doesn’t always account for linguistic and tribal boundaries

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23
Q

Rwanda war

Study These Flashcards
A

-Germany lost it to Belgium in 1st world war
-1933 ethnic identity cards introduced by Belgium
-The Tutsi group were favoured
-rebellion by Hutus
-100 days of genocide occurred with 800000 deaths

24
Q

Define a contested borders

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A

Conflicts of geopolitical strife often occurs when a boundary dissects an ethnic groups homeland

25
Kashmir contested border
-Colonial border between India and Pakistan -Wars started in 1947 -High unemployment and security force actions -De facto border: not internationally recognised
26
Define a de facto border
Not internationally recognised
27
Kosovo contested border
-Yugoslavia broke into 6 republics -Kosovo different ethnicity to Serbia -NATO intervened a conflict with Serbians
28
South Sudan post colonial conflict
-British divide and rule policies reinforced ethnic and regional divisions -Arab vs African -The SLA claimed that the Khartoum government was oppressing black farmers -This resulted in Dafur genocide
29
What are the benefits of tax havens?
1)Regulatory stability: eg good legislation in Cayman islands 2)Encourage government accountability: they force mainstream governments to keep tax rates in check 3)Promote financial innovation: markets operate beyond trad regulation
30
What are the disadvantages of tax havens?
1)Difficult for governments to track financial flows 2)Loss of tax revenue for mainstream 3)Facilitate tax avoidance 4)Risk of global crackdowns
31
What is the Washington consensus
A belief that economic efficiency can only be achieved if regulations are removed Globalisation = degregulation (More countries connected so money flows to tax havens) Globalisation = privatisation (ownership shifts to TNCs) Tax havens developed due to countries wanting more money
32
What are some examples of the UN organisational bodies?
The general assembly, security council, economic and social council, trusteeship council, intl court of justice, secretariat
33
Define global governance
Broader forms of steering or piloting rather than direct control
34
Explain the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs)
Eg achieve gender equality and empower women and girls -End all forms of discrimination -Eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls -Eliminate all harmful practices
35
What is unilateral intervention?
Military intervention undertaken by. State of group of states outside the UN
36
What are the key principles of Bretton woods?
-Establishment of fixed rate exchange system based on gold -Use of the IMF and WB to stabilise global financial systems -Establishment of GATT- aims to remove barriers to trade
37
Example of an emerging country benefitting from Breton woods institutions
Mexico borrowed 50bn dollars
38
What are global commons
Global resources so large in scale they live outside of the political reach of any one state Eg oceans
39
Antarctica threats/pressures
Increasing tourism Microplastics found in snow
40
IGOs and NGOs in Antarctica
Protect endangered species Prevent pollution and waste
41
British Antarctic survey
-discovered hole in ozone layer -69yrs of scientific research in the Antarctic -can predict climate change
42
What is UNECE
UN economic commission for Europe Develops intl norms Supports SDGs
43
UNCLOS
UNCLOS refers to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a legally binding international treaty that establishes a framework for all marine and maritime activities Eg Whaling commission -States coastal boundaries -controls resource use
44
Antarctic treaty
Signed by 12 nations -all military activity banned -scientific cooperation is encouraged and countries should have the freedom to carry out research -Territoral claims are not disputed provided nations do not increase their claims -Planned expeditions need to be announced in advance
45
What reinforces nationalism?
Sport - olympics Education - British values in schools History - britains role in ww2 History - perceived threats Politics - Brexit
46
Westernisation
Collective dominant influence of TNCs from USA and Europe Compete national brands on price US TNCs eg Disney dominant entertainment
47
How is non
48
3 reasons why empires were dismantled
Independence movements Cold War superpowers opposed Could no longer afford after war
49
Example of a conflict due to borders
Nigeria civil war many ethnic groups in one nation
50
Why did some countries act against the UN?
Geopolitical rivalries: china vs USA trade wars Lack of effectiveness: slow biased and bureaucratic Lack of enforcement power: Russia and Ukraine
51
What is the difference between the IMF and WB
IMF is short term and for economies WB is long torn and for development
52
What is CITES?
Convention in intl trade on endangered species Trade on endangered species is worth 19billion
53
How is nationalism reinforced?
Education - British values in schools Sport - pride for country Politics -Brexit
54
Why might nationalism occur?
Independence movements - Catalonia Issues with migrants - eg services and jobs Loss of national identity
55

A level GEO (8 decks)

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