Migration Flashcards
1
Q
What is migration
A
The movement of people to an area or country who stay there for 12 months or more.
2
Q
What is international migration
A
- the movement from one country/political state to another
3
Q
What is internal migration
A
- the movement of people within a country
4
Q
Push factors of migration
A
- low quality of life
- high unemployment rates
- war
- natural disasters
- poor services
5
Q
Pull factors of migration
A
- more job opportunities
- more services
- education
- higher quality of life
6
Q
What is chain migration
A
- the movement of people to an area that results in more people following
7
Q
Why might chain migration occur
A
- dispersing of families
- word of mouth
8
Q
What is stepped migration
A
- the gradual movement from origin to destination through multiple moves that climb up the settlement hierarchy
9
Q
What is illegal immigration
A
- migration that violates the law of the country being migrated to
- can refer to the movement into a country or staying in a country when no longer allowed
10
Q
What are some barriers along with migration
A
- limited access to transport
- dangerous routes
- crossing borders
- long application process (international migration)
11
Q
What is rural-urban migration
A
- the movement of people into urbanised areas
12
Q
A
13
Q
What are economical causes of rural-urban migration
A
- in search for higher incomes
- heavy agriculture dominant ( in rural areas) with low earnings
- better employment opportunities
14
Q
Social causes of rural-urban migration
A
- seek more diverse, culturally richer lifestyle
- public services are better in cities
15
Q
Impacts on rural areas from rural-urban migration
A
- remittances returned
- deforestation
- separated families
- underpopulation
- relaxed pressure on services
- high unemployment rate
16
Q
Impacts on city from rural-urban migration
A
- pressure on housing, water supply, services
- poor living conditions
- more pollution/landfill sites
- larger workforce
- quality of life may deteriorate
17
Q
What is urban-rural migration
A
- where people move away from cities into smaller town areas
18
Q
What is counter-urbanisation
A
- where people move from the bigger cities into smaller ares such as towns
19
Q
Causes of urban-rural migration
A
- seek a better quality of life; less crime, overpopulation, pollution, high costs of living
- increased investments into rural areas; job opportunities
- better transport links to other places
20
Q
Impacts on the city from urban-rural migration
A
- taxes reduced; less money to tackle social and economic issues
- enters a downward spiral as only rich can leave
- decrease in wealthier older population could affect businesses
- potential economic decline
- unemployment
21
Q
Impacts on the rural are in urban-rural migration
A
- brings a larger workforce; contribute to economy & improve productivity
- increased pressure on services
- increased pressure on housing; house prices increase
- ageing population
22
Q
What is stepped migration
A
- the gradual movement from origin to destination through multiple moves that climb up the settlement hierachy
- occurs in LICs(Nigeria) & HICs (students leaving school)
23
Q
Why does stepped migration occur
A
- as migrants gain knowledge and experience in urban areas this gives them confidence allowing them to move up the settlement hierachy
24
Q
What type of migration is common higher up the settlement hierachy
A
- urban-urban
25
What is intra-urban migration
- where people move within the same urban area
26
What do the economic benefits of living in a city provide migrants with
- wealth necessary to move to an even more urbanised area
27
The general trend for younger people in intra-urban migration
- tend to have lower incomes
- typically live in rented accommodation in inner city and industrial areas
28
The general trend for younger families in intra-urban migration
- move out of inner city; more space and safer lifestyle
- outer suburbs have cheaper housing; beneficial for young families on lower incomes
29
The general trend for older families in intra-urban migration
- those with adolescent children may move into more expensive housing as they progress professionally; higher income = higher quality housing
- generally closer to city centre
30
The general trends of those in retirement age in intra-urban migration
- often migrate again to higher cost housing
- in retirement villages or high cost housing
- away from suburbs
- affluent areas
31
What is the working class cycle
- childhood in rented council house
- moves into industrial shared rooms after school close to CBD
- marries; moves into rented council flat in tower
- starts family and moves into bigger rented council house
- retires in rented council bungalow
32
What is the middle class cylce
- childhood in private semi-detached house
- moves into rented flat in CBD after uni close to job
- marries; private semi-detached house close to good school further away from CBD but still commutable
- promotion enables affluent detached house further away from CBD
- retires in a large house on rural-urban fringe
33
What does the Todaro model state
- a migrants decision can be explained with economic/costs benefits
- migrants willing to endure short financial difficulty for a better future
34
What does the systems model suggest
- migrants work through a flow chart to decide if migration is the bet thing to do
35
What does the Marxist theory suggest
- migration is the only option after the alienation of land
- labour migration will occur with the transition into capitalism
- local employers use migrants as bargaining power with local workers
36
How does gender affect migration
- men traditionally move to find work & return remittances
- woman have a higher status is many choose to migrate now (nursing)
37
How does age affect migration
- young are more likely to migrate in search of employment as they are fitter and just completed education
38
How does distance affect migration
- the longer the distance pull factors must be stronger otherwise no motivation to migrate
39
What is the macro scale in internal migration
- colonial roots, transition from traditional societies to capitalism
- currently occurring in LICs
- makes generalisations doesn’t account why some people do/don’t migrate in the same situation
40
What is the meso scale in internal migration
- considers push/pull factors
- movement based mainly on economic with some social factors
- doesn’t view source regions as differentiated
41
What is the micro scale in internal migration
- views migration on individual bases
- acknowledges migration stream
- includes factors such as; income, stage in life, education
- doesn’t consider migration patterns
42
What is voluntary migration
- where migrants choose to move on their own accord
- many who move are economic migrants moving for a job or living standards (HIC-HIC)
- increasing female movement aided by globalisation
43
What are the 2 types of movement in voluntary migration
- independent movement: decision taken by individual
- dependent movement: decision is collective by household, individual may not have a significant say dependent on age/gender
44
What is involuntary migration
- migrant has little or no choice to move or feel they must move to be safe
45
What is a refugee
- someone who is allowed to stay in the country fled to after proving persecution risk and asylum claim being approved
46
What is an asylum seeker
- someone who has fled their country to the nearest safe one
- have a legal right to stay with protection but not allowed to work
- must prove risk of persecution and tell authorities
47
What is an internally displaced person
- someone forced to leave their home for the same reasons as an asylum seeker but remains in the country
48
Why is involuntary migration increasing
- due to warfare, ease of access to weapons, ethnic cleansing and natural disasters
49
What is golden visa
- new waves of people granted visas who invest in the country in some form
- preferential treatment based on wealth/asssets
50
