Population Flashcards

(65 cards)

1
Q

Define population

A

The amount of people in a defined area

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2
Q

What is population distribution

A

How a population is spread globally or regionally; the pattern of where people live.

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3
Q

What is population density

A

The measurement of population per unit area (per km squared)

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4
Q

Factors affecting population density

A
  • Job availability
  • Soils (fertility levels)
  • Hazards; floods, earthquakes
  • Environment; mountainous areas, deserts
  • Transport
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5
Q

What is the natural increase formula

A

Birth rates - death rate

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6
Q

Factors that affect population distribution

A
  • Environment
  • Relief of land
  • Availability of water
  • Climate
  • What natural resources are available
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7
Q

Natural increase

A

When birth rates exceed death rates.

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8
Q

Factors affecting fertility

A
  • Tradition
  • Education
  • Religion
  • Age structure
  • Economics
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9
Q

Factors affecting mortality

A
  • Poverty
  • Medical infrastructure
  • Ageing population
  • Non-communicable diseases
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10
Q

What is the fertility rate

A
  • Average number of children a woman has during her lifetime.
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11
Q

What is infant mortality rate

A

Number of children under the age of 1 who die per 1000 live births per year

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12
Q

What is the dependency ratio

A

It shows the relationship between people of working age, and those who are dependents

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13
Q

Limitations of the dependency ratio

A

It does not consider full time education up to 19, longer working age, unemployment of the economically active.

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14
Q

What factors can be used as indicators of a populations development

A
  • health
  • mortality
  • morbidity
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15
Q

How can mortality be measured

A

Numerically by mortality rate (number of deaths over time)

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16
Q

How can morbidity be measured

A

By disease incidence or prevalence

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17
Q

Where are crude death rates highest in the global general pattern

A

All but Northern Africa

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18
Q

What can morbidity rates be used to show

A
  • the severity of a disease in a particular country
  • a reflection of the general health of the population
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19
Q

What category of countries are non-communicable diseases higher

A

HICs

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20
Q

What category of countries are infectious/biologically transmitted diseases prevalent

A

LICs

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21
Q

True or false: mortality rates are lower than morbidity rates

A

True: people can usually be treated

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22
Q

Why are fertility rates lower in HICs than LICs

A
  • less need for a larger family
  • access to contraception
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23
Q

What does a high dependency ratio indicate

A

That there is a high proportion of dependants in the population compared to the economically active as well as more pressure on the working population

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24
Q

How can elderly populations cause issues

A
  • more welfare spending (pensions/other benefits)
  • more pressure and spending on the NHS
  • higher demand for healthcare/social professionals leading to extra pressure on those resources where there is not enough labour available
  • lower proportion of people in work leading to lower tax revenues
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25
How do youthful populations cause issues
- government expenditures into education, childcare, healthcare; less people putting money into the government through taxes - larger workforce required to support need of youth puts pressure on these services - if fertility rates do not replace the population, eventually there will be a larger elderly population
26
What are major demographic variables in a population
- age - sex
27
What does a typical LIC population pyramid look like
- wide base - reflects high fertility rates - indicates high infant mortality rates - high dependency ratios
28
What does a typical HIC population pyramid look like
- higher proportion of elderly dependants reducing morbidity - large proportion of economically active people - may be an ageing population causing high proportion of elderly dependents
29
What does the DTM represent
- the trends of natural population change
30
What stages of the DTM indicate the country is less developed
Lower stages
31
What is included of stage 1 in the DTM
- height fluctuations of birth & death rates due to high levels of disease, pestilence, famine - birth control is non-existent = high birth rates - population is constant and low since br dont exceed dr - population is dependent on food = limits to food supply affects population - mostly tribal communities, very few countries
32
What is included in stage 2 of the DTM
- characterised by a fall in death rates; due to major societal developments (Agricultural Revolution) - advancements in healthcare, hygiene & general living standards lower incidents of disease = less deaths - increased food security = less famine - birth rates remain high leading to a rapid increase in population - e.g Angola, sub-Saharan countires
33
What is included in stage 3 of the DTM
- birth rates begin to fall due to further societal developments; smaller concerns with health in food but instead cultural and social changes: - contraception - education; higher literacy rates -reduced need for larger families; shift in industry
34
What is included in stage 4 of the DTM
- low br & dr; slow population growth - UK
35
What is included in stage 5 of the DTM
- br fall below dr = population decline - Germany
36
Advantages of the DTM
- easy to understand - allows for comparisons - flexible time scales
37
Disadvantages of DTM
- ignores regional time differences within country - does not consider migration, government policies, war/natural disasters - diseases (HIV/AIDS) can put model in reverse
38
Causes of youthful populations
- high br (lack of family planning & contraception) - migration
39
Advantages of youthful populations
- lower dr; higher demand in the country - large future market - well educated population
40
Solutions to youthful populations
- remove child benefits - anti-natalist policies - privatised education / healthcare - greater care of old dependents to reduce death rate in elderly
41
What does Malthus theory state
- that food supply increase arithmetically while population increases geometrically - population increase causes increased food demand so less food per person - increased mortality and decreased fertility so population decreases
42
What does Boserup theory state
- that population increase caused an increased food demand and then a technology improvement in response allowing population growth to remain unchecked
43
What is overpopulation
- where available resources are unable to support the population
44
What is underpopulation
- occurs when there are too few people to use all the available resources
45
What is optimum population
- the ideal number of people for the amount of resources
46
Causes of an ageing population
- good medical care, diet, sanitation, water supply, hygiene - increasing cost of children
47
Advantages of an ageing population
- valuable experience and expertise - lower crime rates; less police needed - less money spent on schools
48
Solutions to an ageing population
- pro-natalist policies - increased retirement age - increased taxes - private pensions / healthcare
49
What is food security
- when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious and affordable food to maintain an active lifestyle
50
What can a lack of food security push people into
- poverty - erode developmental gains - threaten political stability
51
Causes of food shortages
- soil exhaustion - drought - floods - tropical cyclones - pests - disease - low capital investment - conflict
52
Consequences of food shortages
- malnutrition - starvation - death - migration
53
The Green Revolution
- India 1966 - high yielding variety programme introduced with hybrids of rice, wheat etc - all fertiliser responsive and had a shorter growing season - 90% of Asian wheat fields are HYVs + short growing season, varied diets, 2/4x higher yields, employment increases - high fertiliser inputs, more weed control required, high debts, salinisation
54
Genetic Modification
- taking DNA from one species and adding it to another - such as pest resistant genes from soya beans + helps solve food shortages, reduces chemical inputs, improves development - uncontrolled pollen spread means modifications may spread to other crops, organic status lost, poor farmers cannot afford, possible human health impacts
55
Other types of technology and innovation
- integrated pest management - irrigation - growth hormones - land reform - indoor farming - commercialization
56
How does poverty cause constraints in sustaining populations
- lack of money means an individual cannot sustain themselves, and the country cannot afford infrastructure for economic development
57
How does famine cause constraints in sustaining populations
- soils get overused and droughts kill crops - soil exhaustion increases with food demand that an increasing population applies
58
How does plague cause constraints in sustaining populations
- controlling disease affects the most vulnerable first
59
How does war and natural disasters cause constraints in sustaining populations
- war kills people in the conflict over shortage of resources such as oil and foods - earthquakes, floods, droughts and volcanic eruptions all have potential to cause large scale catastrophe and deaths
60
How does political instability cause constraints in sustaining populations
- discourages foreign investment that would help to sustain a population and develop - any money made will be misused if the government is corrupt
61
How do trade barriers cause constraints in sustaining populations
- many LICS subject to tariffs, quotas and regulations that limit their exporting ability - in some countries one product takes up majority of their income so if prices were to drop the whole economy would suffer as a result
62
What is carrying capacity
- the largest number of people an environment can support without damaging the environment and living standards deteriorating
63
What is an ecological footprint
- a measure of natural resource consumption, measured in global hectares per person - allows comparison to be made between countries
64
What is biocapacity
- the capacity of a biologically productive area to produce a continuing supply of renewable resources to absorb wastes
65
When does unsustainability occur
- when ecological footprint exceeds its biocapacity