Settlement Flashcards
(54 cards)
1
Q
What is a rural area
A
- low population density countryside area, where the economy is dependent on primary activity
2
Q
What is a green belt
A
- areas of open land retained around a city, where development is restricted
3
Q
Types of settlement patterns
A
- isolated; due to extreme environmental conditions, insufficient natural resources
- dispersed; no nucleation of properties, farmhouses separated by large farm areas
- nucleated; clustered, has economic, social and defensive purpose
- linear; properties along roads, rivers and transport lines
4
Q
How is rural-urban migration a contemporary issue
A
- rural depopulation is the primary driver for other rural issues
- as people leave BRs decrease below replacement level leading to cut services leading to unemployment
5
Q
How is changes in agriculture a contemporary issue
A
- decline in farm work; increased mechanisation, reduced wages, poorer farmers
- farms increase in size and hedgerow reduces; harms ecological network
- farms bought up by corporations
- farm diversification occurs; farms used for other industries such as tourism however too much results in oversupply leading to decline
6
Q
How is service decline a contemporary issue
A
- shops, post offices, healthcare, transport and activities provide a backbone for communities; provide sense of belonging preventing people leaving urban areas
- service decline = reduction in quality of life
7
Q
How is rural transport a contemporary issue
A
- increase in car ownership = public transport decline
- poor elderly, young and vulnerable are isolated
- barrier created for low-income families to access unemployment
- fuel prices increase
8
Q
What is a dormitory settlement
A
- rural settlement which has become increasingly urbanised recently, largely occupied by people in nearby urban areas
9
Q
What is the morphological evolution of suburbanised villages
A
- shows land use changes, ribbons along roads and the addition of private/council estates overtime
10
Q
What is the second home concept
A
- urbanites purchase 2nd homes in rural locations
- offers high local employment and increased taxes paid; funds communities and services potentially stopping
- more money allows new infrastructure to be installed; services have a higher threshold population
- however; houses prices rise, farm land fragments, cultural/environmental issues exist
11
Q
What are social contemporary issues
A
- ageing rural population as young move to city
- public & private services close due to population decline
+ reduced unemployment due to smaller population
+ big focus on traditional family structures
12
Q
What are environmental contemporary issues
A
- natural resources exploited by large companies; government/ rural population have few legal properties
- harsh environments make surviving & farming difficult
+ rural population decline reduces pressure on resources; food and water
13
Q
What are economic contemporary issues
A
- reduced agricultural production, insufficient labour
- development schemes tend to focus on high profile urban areas leaving rural communities forgotten
- political corruption and discrimination of gender/race/religion increases poverty
- large/rapidly growing families will suffer financial hardship
+remittances provide large proportion of a family’s income
14
Q
What is urbanisation
A
- an increasing proportion of population, in a geographical area living in urban settlements
15
Q
Causes of urbanisation
A
- natural population growth
- rural-urban push & pull factors
- in LICs especially; better healthcare/education, plentiful food as it is imported, higher wages, employment protection, government investment policies
16
Q
What are consequences of urbanisation
A
- overcrowding
- unemployment
- pollution
- taxes
- increase crime rates
17
Q
What is counter urbanisation
A
- where people move from urban areas to rural settlements adding to the effect or rural decline
18
Q
What is suburbanisation
A
- the outward growth of an urban area to engulf surrounding rural areas
19
Q
What is re-urbanisation
A
- the movement of people and economic activity back into the CBD/ inner industrial areas
20
Q
How is competition for land a rural issue
A
- reflected in land prices and property rental prices
- often competition leads to derelict sales, social classes forced into ghettos and poorer people being forced out of the inner city
21
Q
What is urban renewal
A
- this can be property-led, partnerships schemes or private initiatives where the best parts of a location are kept, and adapts them to fit new uses
22
Q
What is urban regeneration
A
- a program of land redevelopment that usually makes attempt to fix urban decline
23
Q
What is a world city
A
- acts as a major centre for finance, politics, trade, culture, business
- serves more than a country of single region
- not linked to population size
24
Q
Causes of world city growth
A
- TNCs; central HQ where manufacturing is outsourced to LICS with cheaper labour
- communications; allow one office to provide services globally due to internet and phones
- demographics; high natural increase and ‘in-migration’ produces a large working population
25
What is the hierarchy of world cities
- based on the Global Cities Index where rankings consider 24 measures across business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, political engagement
26
What are the ratings in the hierarchy of world cities
- Alpha ++; London, New York
- Alpha +; Dubai, Tokyo
- Alpha; LA, Mumbai
- Alpha; - Miami, Melbourne
- Beta +, Beta, Beta -; Washington, Oslo, Munich
- Gamma +=-; Montreal, Perth, Manchester
- growth in these 5 sectors make up the index
27
How does economics influence world cities
- NY and London stock exchange are global leaders
- TNCs locate in NY
- HSBC bank chose London
28
How do politics influence world cities
- EU hq in Brussels Belgium
- Houses of Parliament in London
- offers single place for politicians, investors & media attention
29
How does culture influence world cities
- London Bridge along with many other attractions; west end, Buckingham palace
- universities & food
30
How does technology influence world cities
- NY has 7000 tech firms (most in world)
- Hong Kong has best public transport
- Amsterdam pioneers green energy
31
What are the factors affecting location of Activities
- Manufacturing
- Constrained location theory
- Retailing
- Health
- Education
- Leisure/ open space
32
How does manufacturing affect location of activities
- pre 19060s; disadvantages of CBD sites became obvious as motor car allowed urban sprawl to occur
- new rural or suburban sites chosen
- post 1960s; most HIC cities are post-industrial as manufacturing has moved from HICs to MICs/LICs
33
How does the constrained location theory affect location of activities
- multi-storey 19th century buildings unsuitable for modern ground floor manufacturing
- intensive land use prevents expansion
- previous land contamination renders cost of brown-site clean-up too high
- land prices too high for manufacturing due to high competition
34
How does retailing affect location of activities
- traditionally in CBD
- progressive movements out from CBD with creation of retail parks, urban superstores, out-of-town shopping centres and online shopping
- out-of-town shopping centres are open, easily accessible, create jobs, offer advantages to shoppers
- however they destroy green fields, create unskilled jobs
35
Trafford centre as an example of retail
- 300 acres of land, 150 acres of building
- 2 million ft^2 of floor space
- 11,500 parking space & petrol pumps on site
- 11 stop bus station and coach stops
- local catchment of 9 million people
- 31 million visits every year (67% female)
36
How does health affect location of activities
- preference is for one large, central hospital, rather than several smaller ones throughout a location
- land costs and building space
37
How does education affect location of activities
- primary schools dotted throughout local areas around a city and fewer secondary schools with a more central location as they are larger
- people travel further for secondary education
- accessibility and size/cost of land
38
How does leisure/open space affect location of activities
- sport stadiums that used to be in inner city areas are being moved to edge of cities due to shortage of space and congestion
- smaller parks/open spaces easily added to cities
39
Why does the CBD change
- increased pedestrian zones
- indoor shopping centres
- environmental and safety improvements
- better access, as public transport and road networks improve
40
Why does the CBD decline
- rise in car ownership leads to increased mobility, congestion/leisure shopping becomes more common, CBD less accessible
- planning authorities may encourage/discourage out-of-town shopping leading to changes in how people shop
- CBD development and maintenance cost is high
- land investments cheaper on green field sites so retail industry moves out of CBD
41
What is the concentric zone model theory
- assumes equal movement, uniform land and free competition for space in all directions
- development is outwards from the centre with continuing in-migration
- business activity occurs in CBD as most people have access to that central point
- zones of transition outwards through industry and low-class housing. Migrants drawn to low prices
- areas of better housing further out as people can afford to move out of centre
42
What is the bid rent theory
- same assumptions as concentric model
- city centre location is more expensive to buy/rent as it is most accessible so only retail/offices will bid
- moving outwards, industry bids the most, then housing
- poor mobility and low-income groups reside in inner locations due to CBD access. High land prices are overcome as people live in high densities
- affluent and mobile seek cheaper land for better housing
43
What is the sector model
- maintains that most people have access to CBD
- industry follows transport routes
- high class residential develops around physical/social features such as rivers. Opposite side of city where pollution is blown by wind
- low class housing forced in less attractive areas, close to factories and in the path that pollution is blown
44
What is the multiple nuclei model
- CBD present, but not necessarily in centre of model
- low class housing found in cheap land areas (around industry) higher class avoids industrial land so located on opposite side of the city
- areas of development occur outside the main settlement around new nuclei such as out-of-town shopping centres
45
LIC/MIC land use theory
- states a CBD centre with industry develops around transport and waterways
- zone of maturity consist of services, mix of old/new housing once occupied by affluent
- elite housing develops along the commercial spine
- in situ accretion has a wide range of housing and is in the process of improvement through government projecrs
46
What are urban density gradients
- population density falls with increasing distance from the CBD
47
What is Residential Segregation
- clustering of certain groups of people/activities/services
48
What are causes of residential segregation
- income
- age
- race/ethnicity
49
How is income a cause of residential segregation
- high income gives people a wide choice of places to live; people can choose the best house/location they can afford
- leads to gated communities
- lower income households have choice limited by house prices and access to public transport
50
How is age a cause of residential segregation
- young people buy flats then as a small family grows they need more space and extra bedrooms
- once children move away parents downsize to smaller properties
51
How is race/ethnicity a cause of residential segregation
- clustering results in ethnic villages or ghettos
- linked to income also as migrants typically have low income therefore must locate close to CBD
52
What are the processes of residential segregation
- housing market; housing supply should equal demand but it doesn’t so housing in short supply causes high property prices and low-income people are pushed to urban periphery
- influence of family/friends
- culture
- planning
- finance
53
What is urban renaissance
- aims for more sustainable and high-quality living by putting people close to services, with good public transport and maintaining attractive living areas
54
What is urban mosaic
- pattern of different residential zones within a city that reflects socio-economic variations
