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As-Level Geography > Migration > Flashcards

Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What is migration?

A

The permanent movement of people and change of residence for more than one year

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2
Q

What is internal migration?

A

When someone moves within a country

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3
Q

What is out-migration?

A

The movement of internal migrants out of a region of a country

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4
Q

What is in-migration?

A

The movement of internal migrants into a region of a country

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5
Q

What is net migration?

A

The balance of people moving into a region or country to moving out

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6
Q

What is the source area

A

The place the migrants have come from

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7
Q

What are push factors?

A

Things people want to escape from in the source area

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8
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Things that attract the migrant to the destination area

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9
Q

What is distance decay?

A

The number of migrants declines as the distance between country’s increase

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10
Q

What is a migration stream?

A

Migrants sharing a common source area and destination area

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11
Q

What is chain migration?

A

When a small number of people move to a area and they are followed by a larger number of people

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12
Q

What are remittances?

A

Money sent home by the pioneer migrants

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13
Q

What is economic migration?

A

When people move for a better standard of living

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14
Q

What is a refugee?

A

Someone who is seeking refuge from a life threatening situation

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15
Q

What is a asylum seeker?

A

When someone who is a refugee reaches there final destination

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16
Q

What is step migration?

A

When people move from a small settlement to a slightly bigger one until they live in a major conurbation.

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17
Q

What is intra-urban migration?

A

When someone moves within a urban area

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18
Q

What are some of the push factors that can affect migration?

A
  • Low wages,Poverty
  • Lack of job opportunities, only unskilled jobs available.
  • Lack of access to hospitals and schools
  • Conflict, war and political oppression.
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19
Q

What are the pull factors?

A
  • High wages, improved standard of living
  • More job opportunities
  • Better amenities and services
  • Freedom from oppression
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20
Q

What are closing up costs?

A

Closing your affairs in the place of origin eg. Selling house

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21
Q

What are opening up costs?

A

Fees for buying new property, legal costs, finding a new job, daily living.

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22
Q

What are some of the barriers to migration?

A
  • Closing/opening up costs
  • Transport
  • Distance
  • Human dangers
  • Government immigration laws
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23
Q

What are some reasons for return for migrants?

A
  • They don’t like the culture
  • They only studying there
  • They miss their family
24
Q

What is the Todaro Model?

A

How a individuals income will change as they migrate from a rural to urban area in a LIC

25
Q

What are the sections in the systems model?

A
  • Inputs eg.push and pull factors
  • Processes eg. Decision making
  • outputs eg.distance moved and the destination
  • urban control system eg. Employment and leisure
  • Rural control sub-system eg. lack of land
26
Q

What are some gender based factors affecting migration?

A
  • Men have migrated and sent money back to their families
  • The women becomes head of the household in the place of origin
  • Many jobs available in industry and heavy manufacturing which is male orientated
27
Q

What are the age based factors affecting migration?

A
  • Traditionally young people have migrated because they have few family ties
  • Recently students have migrated to universities in HICs
  • Older people migrate for retirement to places with a better climate
28
Q

Why is distance a factor which affects migration?

A
  • Long journeys take more time and cost more money
  • It is harder to return to the point of origin if the migrant moves far from home
  • Better roads and cheaper air travel have made distance less of a factor
29
Q

Why is internal migration more popular than international migration?

A
  • All migration is affected by distance decay

* The migrant will be better informed about destinations in his own country-common language

30
Q

What are some of the causes of rural-urban migration?

A
  • Poverty, Low wages and hard and boring jobs in the rural areas
  • Population growth in the rural areas leads to underemployment
  • Mechanisation of farming
31
Q

What are the impacts on the rural area of migration to the urban area?

A
  • Young, skilled people leave- greater inefficiency in farming and more poverty
  • Remittances can be used to invest in farming-commercial farming
  • Effect the standard of living of the ones that remain until commercial farming happens
32
Q

What are the impacts on the city from rural-urban migration?

A
  • Increased pressure on services
  • Increased crime
  • Rapid growth of the city
  • Overcrowding
33
Q

What direction are the migration streams going in Brazil?

A

Rural-Urban

34
Q

Why was Brasilia built?

A

To move people away from the coastal cities

35
Q

What have been the push factors of urban-rural migration in Andalucia?

A
  • Pollution
  • Crime
  • Congestion
  • Racial tensions
  • Poor quality of life in areas of decline
36
Q

What have been the pull factors of urban-rural migration in Andalucia?

A
  • Housing is often cheaper
  • Cleaner environment
  • Lower crime rates
  • Better schools
37
Q

State the 3 main causes of intra-urban migration

A

1) Changes in the individuals lifestyle
2) Changes to their employment
3) Changes to their affluence

38
Q

What is international migration?

A

The movement of people across international frontiers from one country to another

39
Q

What are the main factors that have driven recent international migration streams?

A

1) Population pressure in the source country
2) Economic differences between country’s so people move in search of a higher standard of living
3) War, natural disasters, lack of personal freedom and persecution

40
Q

What is the Schengen Agreement?

A

Allows free movement of people living in the EU between member states

41
Q

What is voluntary migration?

A

When migrants choose to move

42
Q

What is forced migration?

A

When migrants have no alternative but to move

43
Q

What is dependant migration?

A

When some family members have to move because other members of the family decide to move

44
Q

Which groups of people have increasingly chosen to migrate?

A
  • Students
  • Highly skilled workers
  • Women( half of all international migrants)
45
Q

What was historically the biggest cause of forced migration?

A

Forced recruitment of labour eg. Slave trade

46
Q

What are the main causes of forced migration today?

A

War and conflict

47
Q

What are IDPs?

A

Internally displaced persons

48
Q

Why has there been a blurred overlap between forced and voluntary migration recently?

A

Economic migrants have claimed to be refugees in order to get into HICs

49
Q

What have been the causes of poor people moving from LICs to HICs?

A
  • Population pressure in LICs and MICs

* The economic differences between LICs, MICs and HICs, these seem to be widening

50
Q

What are the barriers to international migration?

A
  • Cost
  • Distance
  • Limited information
  • Cultural differences
  • Immigration laws
51
Q

What have been the social impacts of migration on the country of origin?

A

Positive:•Remaining workers are more productive
•Birth rate decreases,reducing class size and pressure on health care
Negative:•Older people become lonely
• Death rates rise because of ageing population

52
Q

What have been the Economic impacts of migration on the country of origin?

A

Positive:•Housing shortages maybe reduced
•Farms become larger and more commercial
Negative:• Loss of young adults from the workforce
•Economic development slowed due to skilled workers leaving

53
Q

What have been the Political impacts of migration on the country of origin?

A

Negative :•The government may have to adopt a pro natal policy
•The government may try to discourage emigration

54
Q

What have been the social and cultural impacts of migration on the country of destination?

A

Positive:•A multi ethnic society can lead to greater appreciation to other cultures
•A different range of food becomes available to communities
Negative:•ethnic ghettos can develop leading to racial tension
•Schools have to teach kids how to speak the language aswell as teaching the native kids

55
Q

What have been the economic impacts of migration on the country of destination?

A

Positive:•Migrants take the less desirable jobs

• skill shortages can be filled quick

56
Q

What have been the political and cultural impacts of migration on the country of destination?

A

Positive:•The arts can be enhanced by immigrant culture eg music
Negative:•Discrimination can occur
•Anti immigration parties may get elected

57
Q

What have been the environmental impacts of migration on the country of destination?

A

Negative:•can lead to more air and noise pollution

As-Level Geography (2 decks)

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