Migration as a component of population change Flashcards
(22 cards)
Migration
The movement of people from one place to another for a period of a year or more
International Migration
The movement of people from one country to another for a period of a year or more
In-Migration and Out-Migration
Immigration is the movement out of a country and emigration is the movement into a country
Internal Migration
The movement of people from one place in a country to another place in the same country for a period of a year or more
Economic Migration
Where people migrate for work for a period of a year or more
Refugee
A person forced to leave their country due to political, social, economic reasons who has been granted refugee status in another country
Asylum Seeker
Someone who has fled their country (for the same reasons) and are seeking refugee status in another country but awaiting confirmation
Rural-Urban Migration
The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas for a period of a year or more
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
Someone who has been forced to leave their home but are staying in their own country
Circular Migration
Where a person repeats the same movement of migration for a year or more on a semi-regular basis (probably over twice)
Transit Migration
Where an asylum seeker is aiming to get somewhere but gets stuck in a transit country along the way for a period of a year or more
Remittances
Money sent back to their families in their home communities by migrants
Diaspora
The dispersal of people from their original homeland
Push factors of migration
Intolerance
Poor employment
Low income
Housing shortages
Social upheaval
Natural disasters
Adverse climatic conditions
Pull factors of migration
Job prospects
High wages
Improved housing
Tolerance
High standard of living
Attractive environment
Amenities
Lee’s Push and Pull theory
Lee says there are 4 factors that influence the decision to migrate:
Push factors, pull factors, intervening obstacles, personal factors that moderate the other 3
Zelinsky’s Model of Mobility Transition
Stage 1: Nomadic people who move from one rural area to another for better land etc
Stage 2: Predominantly now in sub-Saharan Africa where people move to the cities in search of new work
Stage 3: Most people are already living in urban areas but relocate for work, family, leisure etc
Occurs in HICs like the UK
Stage 4: Counter-urbanisation happens in the most advanced countries where people start leaving the city to live in well-services rural areas to get a better quality of life, more space, cheaper prices etc
Zipf’s Inverse Distance Law
Distance-decay or inverse-distance relationship
The number of migrants from one city to another is a function of the distance separating the cities, since the effort and cost required to cover greater distances would increase with the distance travelled
The “friction of distance” acts on human movements, meaning that the frequency of these movements decrease with increasing distance
The Gravity Model
Big things attract each other more than do small objects, and things close to each other have a stronger mutual attraction than do objects at a greater distance
Attraction decreases very rapidly with even small increases in separation
For example, cities like Beijing and Shanghai in China draw many people from Central and Eastern China as well as other countries, so they have a large sphere of influence
Chain Migration
The process of movement from immigrant’s homelands that builds upon networks of familiar social relationships to construct neighborhoods or communities within the new places of habitation that reflect the cultural norms and societal expectations of the homelands
Constraints and Barriers to Migration
Constraints: inertia, sale of house, wealth to pay for move, mobility
Barriers: borders, physical geography, hostile areas
Intervening Obstacles
Social: family, language barriers, religion, knowledge of destination
Political: borders, visas / passports, war
Physical: mountains, oceans, hostile areas, adverse weather
