Migration, identity and sovreignty Flashcards

Question

What affects the ability of people to migrate?

Answer 1

Skills - Singapore seperates migrants into 'foreign talen' and 'foreign workers', with stricter controls put on the semi skilled/ unskilled foreign workers. They work for lower pay and are often from south east asia. Income - it is rarely the poorest in society that migrate - the amout of capiital required is out of the reachof many in absolute poverty. Migrants paying to be smuggled accros the meditarian will often have to pay up to £10,000. * Permeability of boarders - Schengen agreement vs Japan boarder controls (Japan has a refugee success rate of less than 1%)

Answer 2

A territory over which no other country holds power or sovreignty.

Answer 3

The ability of a place and its people to govern without outside interference

Answer 4

A territorilised group of people who may lack sovreignty

Answer 5

Natural boarders - Eg the alps seperating Francd and Italy. Physical geography, before the shrinking world affect, acted as a barrier to migration and kept nations seperate * Historically - ethnic groups settled with each other and formed gradually overtime, such as the germanic speaking tribes unifying to form Germany * Colonial rule - The scramble for Africa during the late 19th century caused the practical geometric division of African states, with no regard for differences in culture and ethnic groups. Rwanda was formed despite traditional seperation of Tutsi and Hutu people, causing a decade long conflict and genocide of the Tutsi people, killing around half a million of them.

Answer 6

Iceland is an example of a state that has maintained its cultural homoginity. Over 90% of the country is ethnically icelandic. Childrens name have to come from an approved list. In 2008, McDonalds closed its resturants. The reasons for cultural homoginity is mainly due to it's location - it is physically isolated inn the Atlantic ocean, creating a physical barrier to migration. In addition, reduced urbanisation and economic advancements reduce the need for TNC's and the labour flows that come with it.

Answer 7

Many ukranians are ethnically russian, and this has given putin a supposed motive to take back Ukraine. In a series of steps, he has gradually tried to encroach on Ukraines boarders, from the anexation of Crimera in 2014 to the Full scale invasion from 2022. Real motives are less ckear cut, he wants access to crimeras warm water port and also fears the cnroachment of NATO onto Russian boarders. Thus, it is a mixture of geopolitical motivation and percived ethnic sovreignty.

Answer 8

After the communist revolution in China, in 1949 2 million chinese nationalists fled to Taiwan and set up their own, democratically elected government. China still claims sovreingty over Taiwan, and routinely uses its air force to encrroach its air space. The UN does not recognise Taiwan, but it has become a rising geopolitical issue as the USA does, partially due to its economic significance in compuer chip manufacturing (TSMC is the worlds largest)

Answer 9

an ideology that elevates one nation or nationality above all others and that places primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations. Sometimes this involves the seeking of independence and sovreignty from outside influence

Answer 10

European countries were often formed out of a sense of connection of a wider ethnic group - Italy and germany were both unified from a collection of smaller states. In the 19th and 20th century, nationalism was often a justification for the expansion of empires, believing that in some way, EUropean powers were helping the lands which they colonised by bringing their 'superior' way of life to them. Nationalism was also the originator of WWII, due to Hitlers extreme form of nationalism and his quest for lebensraum from the ethnically inferior slavs

Answer 11

A sense of nationalistic identity was the cement which held society together in a world where religous and dynastic ties were eroding

Answer 12

* After 2 world wars, Britain and other European countries did not have the resources to effectively manage a global empire * The growing national self-determination in many colonies - the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya was the beggining of the 'winds of change' through Africa * Some young Europeans were increasingly sceptical of the morals of maintaining an empire

Answer 13

'this growth of national consciousness is a political fact'

Answer 14

Like many African countries, the country of Sudan was artificially grouped together. Britain embarked on a stratergy of divide and rule, wehreby it put ethnic groups of nativees against each other, as to distract them from their issues with colonialism. Britain, along with egypt, developed the mainly arab north while marginalising the largely black south. After many years of civil war, in 2011 South Sudan gained independence. However, a civil war started in 2013 due to tensions between different ethnic groups, and has so far displaced over 2 million people.

Answer 15

McDonald's serves about 70 million customers daily through its global network of restaurants. The company has over 40,000 locations in more than 100 countries. Changes the norms of dietry culture and spreads Amercian consumerism.

Answer 16

the 1949 British Nationality act

Answer 17

Many citizens of commonwealth countries migrated to the uk to seek a better quality of life (1948 windrush, later from south asia). The UK welcomed this as a means to fill skills gaps - the london underground held interviews in Jamacia. This has made Britain a cultural mosaic, but also created cultural clustering as people with a shared culture ooften group together in communities.

Answer 18

Globalisation, aswell as IGOs, has encouraged the adoption of the washington consensus. This has lead to the deregulation of trade, as well as the privitisation of many buisnesses. This liberalisation also encouraged the development in flows of capital and profit, made possible by advancements in ICT. Some countries have chosen to take advantage of this, and offer very little tax rates, meaning wealthy individuals and TNCs repatriate their profits to these countries to exploit the low tax rates - in return, the countries get an influx of foreign currency that they can use to finance development and increase living standards.

Answer 19

The Caymen Islands, which has a personal income tax rate of 0%. There are around 100,000 companies listed in the caymen islands, more than the population of the island itself.

Answer 20

The worlds economic system is deeply rooted in a philosphy of economic liberalism and the washington consensus. Governments and IGOs may believe that flows of capital are an inevitable part of economic intergration and preventing it would go against liberal values. In addition, TNCs play such an important role in many western economies that governments cannot afford to aliennate them.

Answer 21

That the global elitte are finding loopholes to avoid paying their fair share, leading to a rise in inequality and increasing social unrest. Governments lose billions in tax revenues that could instead be used to finance public services.

Answer 22

$472 billion

Answer 23

The 6 richest individuals hold more wealth than the bottom 50% (more than 100 million people)

Answer 24

President Evo Morales, a democratic socialist, has nationalised many formerly private utility industries - it was his belief that TNCs exploited consunmers and repatriated profits overseas. He has used this as well as increased taxes to increase access to utilities, as well as providing maximum food prices.

Answer 25

The UN was set up after WWII to be a more successful league of nations. Its aims were: * To maintain global peace and security * Promote sustainablle development, through the sustainable development goals * Protect human rights * Uphold international law * Provide humanitarian aid, and conduct peace keeping missions

Answer 26

It is charged with maintaining peace between nations. Therefore is often considered the most important subsect of the UN as it has responsibility over. It has five permanent members (UK, USA, France, Russia and China) and ten rotaating non permanent members.

Answer 27

The 5 permanent members hol veto power over UN resolutions, thus rival superpowers in the West and Russia and China often vote accordingly to their geopolitical objectives rather than in the best interest of the global community, which can reduce it's effectiveness.

Answer 28

nearly half

Answer 29

2014 - Russia and China vetoed a resolution condeming Syria 2024 - US vetoed a resolution that would have allowed the General Assembly to vote on Palestine's full UN membership.

Answer 30

The universal declaration of human rights WTO - eradicated polio, measles etc… The UN Environment program - sets a global environmental agenda The World food program - feeds 90 million people every year

Answer 31

Economic sanctions and direct militaristic intervention

Answer 32

It is an example of successful intervention. worried about if the Iranian government was planning to build nuclear weapons, the Un ordered a sanctions on Iran banning the supply of nuclear related materials in 2006, and this later was extended to an arms and travel ban, as-well as asset freezing in 2010. Financial institutions were banned from investing in Iran. This intense economic pressure forced Iran to negotiate, and in 2015 Iran suspended enrichment activity.

Answer 33

The MONUSCO, the UN peace keeping operation in the DRC is by far the largest peace keeping operation undergone by the UN. Since 1999, $10 billion has been spent in the employment of peace keeping troops. Under article 7, the 20,000 peace keepers can use weaponry if required to protect the Congolese people from militia groups

Answer 34

Unilateral action is where one country takes economic or militaristic action against another nation state, without UN approval. A clear example of this was the USAs post 9/11 war on terror. In 2003, the USA with an alliance of other western countries invaded Iraq to dethrone Sadam Husain. it was later found out that no such weapon program existed. This significantly destabilised the middle east region

Answer 35

In 2014, following the Russian invasion of Crimera, the usa imposed sectoral sanctions which were not adopted by many Eu countries due to their reliance on russian oil. The impacts of these sanctions were significant: -70-80 billion dollars left russia -devaluation of russian currency

Answer 36

1944, it’s aim is to ensure global financial stability

Answer 37

1944, it’s aim is to ensure global economic development

Answer 38

1995, and tries to promote economic liberalisation through the removal of tariffs and protectionist barriers

Answer 39

Each organisation is based on the philosophy of the Washington consensus, promoting the western system of capitalism. * As the largest donor, the USA has 16.5% of voting rights in the world bank and IMF, so can direct policy initatives to suit their geopolitical objectives.

Answer 40

Since global interest rates have skyrocketed, many developing countries indebted to the world bank and imf have been unable to py back their loans. The IMF and world bank only agreed to help these countries if they adopted certain policeys known as structural adjustments

Answer 41

'earn more and soend less' * Reduce government spending and encourage privatisation * Remove restrictions on the flow of capital and fdi * devaluing the currency to make exports cheaper (the ghanian cedi was devalued from 2.75 cedi:$ to 246 cedi:$) These happened to Ghana during the 1980s , and made the exports considerably cheaper for the western world

Answer 42

That in return for credit, countries are forced to embrace western capitialism and lose economic sovreignty. TNCs can take control over domestic industries, and the country can become reliant on trade (risking countries becoming primary product depenendent.

Answer 43

The highly inddebted poor country initiative was introduced in 1996, and was the medium in which the debt for developing nations would be partially written off, in return for adpopting structural adjustment programs

Answer 44

Spend it on programs designed to reduce poverty, or increase access to education or healthcare - reduce protectionist measures and adopt the washington consensus.

Answer 45

Government debt stood at $1.9 billion in 1992, but in 2000 benefited from a debt wipe off. The affects were immediate - 40% more was spent on education, and 70% more spent on healthcare

Answer 46

Centripedal forces, such as the harmonising of economic policy and the adoption of a common currency.

Answer 47

Centrifugal forces - the rise of national populism. For example, Donald trumps promise to implement a 25% tariff on Canada and Mexico (USMCA partners) acts as a serious roadblock.

Answer 48

The banning of ODS and CFCs in 1987, due to the worries of the depletion of thre atmosphere. It had 197 signitures and has been a complete success.

Answer 49

* Clear cause and affect relationship * Global risks were immediate - politicians had an incentive to act now * Viable alternatives for CFCs were already available

Answer 50

(UNCLOS) is an international treaty that defines the rights and responsibilities of nations concerning the use of the world’s oceans. ● Declares ownership of a state’s seas 20 nautical miles from their land. ● Gives landlocked countries entitlement to seas near them, enabling them to trade. ● Aims to protect marine biodiversity and ocean environments.

Answer 51

he International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) ruled in favor of the Philippines in 2016, declaring that China’s claim to historic rights within the Philippines’ EEZ was not valid under UNCLOS

Answer 52

an agreement that aims to protect and manage shared freshwater resources, specifically transboundary rivers and lakes. It aims to reduce water conflicts through the encouragement of sustainable water useage

Answer 53

a global initiative launched by the United Nations to assess the state of the Earth’s ecosystems and how changes in these ecosystems affect human well-being. It aimed to provide scientific evidence to guide policies for sustainable ecosystem management. This has been a partial failure, due to the inability of many IGOS to use forceful measures to limit the trade of animals, as well as untying economic growth from enviromental degregation as seen by the Kuznets curve - 2000 animals go extinct every year.

Answer 54

The Antarctic Treaty System is an international agreement that ensures Antarctica remains dedicated to peaceful purposes and scientific research, with no territorial claims allowed. In addition, under the Antarctic proticol on enviromental protection (1991), no resource exploitation is allowed until 2041.

Answer 55

The rise of national populist movements all across Europe - Gert Wilders in the Netherlands and the Reform party (14.3% of the vote in 2024). They have proomoted nationalistic messages, such as the concern that the immigration into the uk poses an existential threat to uk culture and our way of life. They have encouraged to take pride in 'Britishness' and also promote neo-conservative principles founded in traditional judo-christin morality, often against the principles of a globalised world.

Answer 56

International sporting events vreate feelings of populism in a country - they can group together to support their countries team.

Answer 57

Nationalistic images are often used in times of change or turmoil, so ever since the industrial revolution, the English countryside has been used as a unrealistic, hyopthetical Ideal which portrays the characters of an unchanging England. It was disstinctly used in recruitment posters in WWII, and in works of art since the romantic movement.

Answer 58

The magna carter 1215

Answer 59

* As a result of globalisation, countries are now highly interconnected, with flows of labour, capital and culture now considered the norm. The legacy of these movements are that developed countries are now multinational, with a mosaic of different ethnicities. The extent to which this challenges national identiy depends on the rate of assimilation of migrants, and how well there cultures mix * Some view the values and principles of some ethnic groups - Islamic fundementalist, who believe in less rights for woman for example, are at odds with the essence of what it means to be 'British'

Answer 60

Increasingly, companies which we have always associate with Britain are not owned by Britain. JLR is owned by Indias Tata motors, HP sauce is owned by an American firm and is made in the Netherlands. EVen our energy is majority owned by foreign companies - Hinkley point C is 66% owned by EDF and the other 33% owned by China. This means that even if a company still manufactures in the UK, production is often automated and profits are repatriated overseas.

Answer 61

Entertainment - Walt Disney Capitalist/consumerrism ideals - Nike/Apple These massive TNCs spread western values through soft power, subtly influencing people (although this is not a part of a political power ploy). Disney owns 40 radio stations in Spain, and has Disney lands in hong kong and tokyo. For many, a western way of life represents social mobility, and economic success. However, this comes at odds with the national identity of many nations.

Answer 62

The Toubon law in France, which mandates that public services and advertisements are in French.

Answer 63

* People may feel we are literally selling parts of a country away. We are sacrificing our economic and national sovreignty. The heart of our democracy and thus our identity in Westminster is partly not even owned by British people. * If people live in these properties, it can enhance rates of cultural erosion * The ownership of property can increase property prices, causing gentrification and pushing locals out of the local area.

Answer 64

Singapore - must be a permanent residence and make a 'adequete contribution to the economy of singapore'

Answer 65

British retirees moving to the medditarian, creating a british ethnoscape

Answer 66

* Nations may consider themselves culturally different from their nation state * They may feel decisions are being made too far away from their own boarders * may have a minority in the nationl government,so political ideology not properly represented

Answer 67

Mainly due to the uneven benefits derived from globalisation

Migration, identity and sovreignty Flashcards

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