regeneration Flashcards
(76 cards)
What is a place?
Location plus meaning
What is deprivation? What factors are measured by it?
The extent to which individuals lack the basic necesities to live a decent quality of life. The index of multiple deprivation measures: employment, education, health, crime, and barriers to housing and services
What are the characteristics of a successful place?
High rates of employment, inward migration, low levels of multiple deprivation.
Why might some people disagree of the success of a place?
High property prices and high demand for skills may discriminate against residents who lack the skills to work in the high skilled industries. Older, long term residents may want a slower more traditional life that comes in conflict with economic centres.
What are the two examples of a successful place?
Sydney and San-Fransisco
What makes Sydney a successful place?
- High inward migration - over 30% of Sydneys population was born overseas, high inward migration brings in high skilled workers who contribute to the economy massively, through spending and through working
- TNCs and financial services - Sydney is the leading financial sector in the Asia-Pacific region. 31% of Sydneys Gross Regional Product is from the financial sector (such as Commbank). More than 600 multinational companies run their Asia-Pacific operations in Sydney. This brings high levels of inward investment into the area. This supports the economy by creating jobs, improiving local infrastructure and by improving productivity. Therefore all residents benefit from this investment
What are the problems Sydeny experiences?
- High inward migration brings extremely high demand for housing, making the city very expensive too live in (according to Forbes it is the second least affordable city for housing in the world).
- The ‘latte line’ shows the boundary which divides the East and West of Sydney. With the South-West not experiencing the economic benefits that the North-East has had. There is a gap of nearly 30% between poverty rates
What makes San Fransisco a successful place?
- Silicone Valley, which headquaters companies such as X, facebook and google. This creates demand for high skilled workers. The average income for San fransisco was $65,000. Unemployment is low at 3.5% (2023)
Why could sucess in san fransico be a problem?
High demand for skills could barr low skilled workers from living comfortably and getting a stable income, pushing them into poverty. There are about 8000 homeless people in san fransisco
What is the rust belt and why is considered a less successful region?
The Rust-Belt is the former industrial heartland of the USA, in the North-East region around the great lakes. Once the largest manufacturing region in the world, specialising in Steel and Cars, Free trade and globalisation has meant that many companies abbandonded works in the region to produce in countries with lower costs such as China. This economic restructing has lead structural unemployment. The average income in Detroit was just $24,000, people moved out to find employment else where (1950-2010 inner Detroit lost 60% of it’s population). crime is the sevond highest in the USA. Detroit had an unemployment rate of 10.7% in Jan 2025
What is the spiral of decline?
What was turnout in Chesham and Amersham in 2024?
73%, much higher than the 59.7% uk average
What is voter apathy?
When people lose faith or interest in the democratic process so choose not to engage in it.
What factors influence engagement in a local place? Link to Cornwall
- Age - a quater of Cornwalls population is retired. retired people have more time to engage in local community projects.
- Ethnicity - Peoplee from overseas are less likely to feel atacthment to a place
- Gender - woman tend too engage in community progects more than men
- length of residence - The longer someone has lived in a place, the more they feel their identity is intertwined with it and thus foster a deeper connection with it. short term residents such as students, will view the location as more of an area compared to a place, so will care less about the local community and thus will engage with it less.
- Deprivation - those who are deprived will feel greater political apathy - they believe they are not listened to by the political elite and feel isolated. They disnegage in politics and the local community, meaning politicians have less reason to listen to them as they are less likely to turn out. This creates a cycle of disengagmenent in the poor.
Why does the percieved need for regenartion vary
The perceived need for regeneration varies across geographic spaces due to a complex interplay of socio-economic inequalities, spatial justice, and urban resilience. Areas marked by economic deprivation, social exclusion, and infrastructural decay tend to exhibit a heightened demand for regeneration, driven by a lack of capital and opportunities for upward mobility, often exacerbated by historical disinvestment and the spatial concentration of poverty. In contrast, more affluent or gentrified areas may perceive regeneration through a lens of enhancing urban aesthetics or functionality rather than addressing fundamental needs, reflecting a difference in access to resources and political capital. This divergence is also shaped by geographic factors such as location within urban hierarchies, demographic shifts, and the local governance landscape, with regeneration narratives often influenced by the ideologies of dominant stakeholders, thus generating varied perceptions and responses across space.
What is regeneration?
regernation is a long term process which aims to improve the social, economic and enviromental characterisitics of a place where the market has failed.
Which players are involved in regeneration?
Local players - community groups, local councils
national players - national government
international - intergovernmental organisations, TNCs
What policies does the National Government use to regenerate regions?
- Infrastructure investment
- degregulation
- Subsidies
- Migration policy
What is HS2? What are the reasons behind it?
HS2 is a new railway line aimed to connect London with the Midlands, mainly Birmingham.
The project, which is expected to cost around £66 billion, will aim to decrease commuting times between regions in the uk, and therefore increase productivity. It will improve access to key infrastructure and provide many jobs
What are the benefits of HS2? What are the negatives/conflicts created
Pros
* Increased infrastructure connectivity between core regions like London to Birmingham and the midlands should make investment more attractive
* traffic congestion has a serious impact on productivity - London is the most congested city in Europe, and by 2025 traffic congestion will cost the uk £22 billion in lost time
* 31,000 jobs are created, which creates an economic mulitplier
Cons and conflicts
* opponents argue that it may only benefit london as people will only travel to their and vice versa
* enviromental groups/local groups object due to the damage it will cause and has caused to chilterns area of outstanding natural beauty
What occured during the deregulation of capital markets?
Margret Thatchers conservative government in 1987 deregulated the financial markets in an event known as the big bang. This had the impact of allowing foreign banks to invest and set up in London, and transformed the London docs (and argubly the uk economy) to a financial hub. This aided the regeneration of Inner London, as it provided a new core industry to replace that lost by global shift in the docklands.
What housing targets have been set and why does this create conflict
Labour has pledgded to create 1.5 million homess by 2029. Some argue this is needed to aleviate stress on the housing market, and bring prices down for the rapidly rising ppopulation. This creates conflicts with local groups who may wish to preserve the tranquility of a place and protect the green belt.
