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Milk Composition Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Fat percentage in milk

A

3-5%

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2
Q

Protein percentage in milk

A

1%

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3
Q

carbohydrate percentage in milk (lactose)

A

7% but there are more oligosaccharides

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4
Q

Yellow color of colosteum

A

Beta carotene, a product of vitamin A

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5
Q

LLAMAS Pee Gold

A

Colostrum main ingredients:
Living cells
Lactopherrin
Secretory IgA
Microbiome
Vitamin A
Sugars HMO’s human milk oligosaccharides
Protein
Growth factor

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6
Q

whey vs casein

A

Whey: liquid and easy to digest
Casein: curds, solid, harder to digest.
Ratio whey:casein
in colostrum 90:10- easy to digest
Mature milk 60:40
Late lactation 50:50

In formula: 20:80

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7
Q

makes up to 90% of white blood cells in colostrum

A

Macrophages

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8
Q

Macronutrients in milk

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

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9
Q

Main carbohydrate in milk

A

Lactose
Disaccharide
Glucose+galactose
Made by the lactocytes

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10
Q

Lactose concentration in milk

A

Least variable
7%
Human milk is the sweetest of all mammals, most lactose

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11
Q

Lactose roles in milk

A
  1. 40% of energy needs
  2. Draws in water from blood to lactocytes
  3. Brain growth
  4. Acid formation in the gut, enhances calcium absorbtion
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12
Q

Oligosaccharides are

A

Complex sugares

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13
Q

How many oligosaccharides in milk

A

More than 200 kinds

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14
Q

What is HMO

A

Human milk oligosaccharides

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15
Q

Most abundant components of milk:

A
  1. Lactose
  2. Lipids
  3. HMOs
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16
Q

What do HMOs do?

A
  1. Prebiotic for bifidobacteria in the gut
  2. Support immune health
  3. Decoy receptors. Pathogens bind to them instead of the gut.
  4. Brain development with cialic acid
  5. Protect from NEC

PIDEN
Prebiotic
Immune
Decoy receptors
Einstein (brain)
NEC

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17
Q

Where are HMOs made?

A

In the lactocytes

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18
Q

Where is synthesis of lactose?

A

Lactocytes

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19
Q

How many calories does lactose provide?

A

4 kcal

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20
Q

Protein functions in milk

A

Provide amino acid
Protection against infection
Carriers of hormones
Carriers of vitamins
Enzymatic activity

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21
Q

What’s in whey?

A

Lala:
Lactofferin
Alpha-lactalbumin
Lysozyme
Antibodies

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22
Q

Lactopherrin

A

Second most abundant protein in milk
Binds iron and keeps it away from bacteria
Growth factor for b and t lymphocytes

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23
Q

Alpha lactalbumin

A

The major whey protein
Serves as source of amino acids
Forms complex with oleic acid to make HAMLET - against tumors and bacteria
Helps make lactose in lactocytes

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24
Q

Lysozyme

A

High concentration enzyme
Anti bacterial
Attacking walls of pathogens
Activity increase as lactation progresses but concentration stays stable
Found in whey

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25
Antibodies -immunoglobulins
G A M E D Most common is A
26
Hormones in milk
Fluctuate with time Cortisol Insulin Thyroxine (T4) Cholecystokinin Leptin Melatonin
27
Cholecystokinin
Hormone Released when baby is breastfeeding, making baby milk-drunk. In milk and also released by baby
28
Leptin
Hormone in the MILK that tells the body it is full No leptin in formula
29
Melatonin
Hormone secreted In night milk, peaks at 3 am
30
Cortisol
Hormone high in colostrum. Higher in morning milk! Promotes alertness.
31
Thyroid hormones in milk (thyroxine and thyrotropin)
Protect baby from thyroid problems
32
Growth factors
Bioactive compounds in milk: Epidermal growth factor, helps to close the gut Human milk growth factor 1,2,3 Insulin-like growth factor
33
Fat soluble vitamins in milk
A D E K
34
Vitamin A in milk
2 kinds: 1) Retinol from animal source like liver, whole milk, eggs 2) pro vitamin, carotenoid from vegetables and fruit. Becomes retinol Needed for: Vision Immune Skin and membranes Yellow colosteum
35
Vitamin d in milk
Mostly from sun light Deficiency - causes rickets 400 IU supp or mom to take 6400 IU
36
Vitamin E in milk
Antioxidant Colostrum is rich in vitamin E Muscles Red blood cells resistance to hemolysis Deficiency - hemolytic anemia
37
Vitamin k in milk
Blood clotting Milk has little, takes days for body to produce Deficiency - hemorrhage Shot at birth
38
Smoking effects vitamins
Lowers vitamins with antioxidant properties A E and C
39
Water soluble vitamins
C and B's
40
Vitamin c in milk
Water soluble Ascorbic acid found in fruit Levels in milk reflect maternal diet. levels in milk are higher than in plasma. Antioxidant Deficiency - bleeding gums and scurvy
41
Vitamin B12 in milk
Deficiency - anemia, FTT, developmental delay, neurological defects. Vegan mom or bariatric surgery mom
42
Vitamin B1 in milk
Deficiency - beriberi
43
Inositol
Nutrient in vitamin B complex Involved in circulation and cholesterol metabolism Role in Brain development
44
Choline
Essential Nutrients Grouped with b vitamins but is not a vitamin Liver and nervous system
45
MALT
Galt+balt+nalt Gut, bronchous, nasopharyngeal Lymphoid tissue IgA is located in those tissues and fights pathogens
46
IgA
80-90% of all antibodies Secretory igA is not digested by acid in the stomach Higher in colostrum Baby starts producing igA only after a few months Formula has no antibodies
47
Minerals in milk
Bound to protein in milk More available than in formula Needs met until 6 months , than need to supplement iron and zinc
48
Iron in milk
Small amount but baby has stores from in utero Lactose and vitamin c help with absorbtion Absorbed 5 times more than from cows milk
49
Calcium in milk
Small amount but absorbs well Better absorbs than cows milk
50
Vitamin B1 deficiency
Berineri
51
Vitamin B3 deficiency
Causes pellagra
52
B9
Folate or folic acid Deficiency in pregnancy causes neural tube defects
53
Sodium in milk
High in: Colostrum Weaning milk Mastitis Low milk secrition
54
Zinc in milk
Actively transported to mammary glands Rise to peak on day 2 High in colostrum then goes down
55
Acrodermatitis enterophatica
Disorder of zinc metabolism Presents as skin inflammation Diaper rash that won't go away Rare in breastfed children They get oral supplements
56
Fats in milk
4% of milk 50% of energy needs Provide essential fatty acids Most variable macronutrients More unsaturated fat Increases in second year of lactation Most of the fat is triglycerides High content of palmitic oil and oleic acid Fat is made in the lactocytes Aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins A D E K Bioactive components
57
Cholesterol in milk
Higher in breastfed babies Lower later in life
58
DHA in milk
One of the fatty acids Supports: Brain development Nerve myelination Vision
59
Most Lacking macronutrients from preterm milk
Calcium and phosphorus
60
Preterm milk has higher? Lower?
Higher: IgA, iron, chloride, sodium, protein, lipids, fatty acids Lower: Lactose

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