Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Complex Cognition > Mindmap cards > Flashcards

Mindmap cards Flashcards

1
Q

Role of working memory in ctegory learning

2

A
  • Involved in the conscious processing of information, such as problem-solving, reasoning, and comprehension.
  • WM is crucial for tasks that require active manipulation or temporary storage of information.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Role of explicit long-term memory in category learning

2

A

It is responsible for storing specific, consciously accessible information, such as facts, events, and personal experiences. This type of memory allows for the conscious recall of information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Role of implicit memory in category learning

2

A

It includes procedural memory (how to perform tasks), as well as influences of past experiences on behavior, even when these experiences are not consciously remembered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ethnic nationalism

2

A

Emphasizes immutable ascribed attributes like ethnicity and religion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Civic nationlism

2

A

Focuses on achieved outcomes such as respect for laws and shared beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Encoding failures

3

A

Occur when unimportant or seemingly insignificant details are not captured during

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Representational change theory

3

A
  1. Initial Problem Representation
  2. Accessing Mental Operators
  3. Impasse
  4. Restructering for inisght
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hill Climbing

3

A

This strategy involves making incremental changes to move closer to a goal state, particularly when the problem structure is unclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Means-end analysis

3

A

This heuristic involves identifying the difference between the current state and the goal state, setting subgoals to reduce the difference, and selecting operators to achieve those subgoals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Design thinking

3

A

1) Ethnographic research: Observing and understanding users in their real-life environments
2) Ideation: Team brainstorms to generate a wide range of potential solutions to address the identified needs
3) Creation of prototypes: Quick and low-cost representation of their ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Similarities between problems

3

A
  1. Superficial similarity (involving solution-irrelevant details)
  2. Structural similarity (involving shared causal relations)
  3. Procedural similarity (involving common procedures or actions).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sequential processing stages

3

A
  1. Encoding: Information concerning the problem stimuli is processed
  2. Inferring: Identifying a relation (i.e., similarity) between two items.
  3. Mapping: Identifying the overall relational pattern or rule governing the problems
  4. Applying: Using the outcome of the mapping process to select the response completing the analogy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Johnson-Laird’s mental model theory

4

A
  • Mental models are created from given information, generating possible conclusions.
  • The process includes attempting to find counterexamples to refute conclusions. If none are found, the conclusion is deemed valid.
  • Working memory’s limited capacity influences the construction of mental models.
  • Complexity increases when multiple models are required for a problem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Logical intuition model

4

A

Argues for two types of intuitive responses – heuristic and logical, with
Type 2 processes resolving conflicts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Motivated System 2 Reasoning

4

A
  • Deliberation protects political identities, increasing partisan bias.
  • Highly numerate individuals more polarized on issues like climate change.
  • Correlation between deliberativeness and polarization.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bounded rationality

4

A

The idea that people are as rational as the environment (e.g. information costs) and their limited processing capacity (e.g. limited attention) permit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Instrumental (thin) rationality

4

A

Maximizing the utility (subjective value) of one’s choices or decisions with respect to achieving task-related goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Broad rationality

4

A

Involves considering the individual’s personal goals and contextual factors (especially social ones) additional
to the immediate task-related goals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Stanovich’s tripartite model of reasoning

A

A dual-process model, which distinguishes between 2 forms of type 2 processing:
* Algorithmic mind: Contains information about rules, strategies and procedures that a person can retrieve from memory to aid decision making and problem solving. Can override the heuristic responses generated by the autonomous mind.
* Reflective mind: Makes use of an individual’s goals, beliefs and general knowledge. It makes the decision of whether to use type 2 processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Modus ponens

4

A

If P, then Q. P is true. Therefore, Q is true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Modus tollens

4

A

If P, then Q. Q is not true. Therefore, P is not true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Klauer’s dual source model

4

A

Proposes two processes in conditional reasoning:
1) A knowledge-based process influenced by premise content
2) A form-based process influenced by the form of the premises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Verschuren’s dual-proces model

4

A

This model distinguishes between two types of cognitive strategies used in conditional reasoning:
1) Counterexample Strategy: Reasoners using this method consider a conclusion invalid if they can think
of a counterexample that contradicts it.
2) Intuitive Statistical Strategy: Instead of looking for counterexamples, this approach involves assessing the likelihood or probability of a conclusion being true based on the given information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Syllogistic reasoning

4

A

Syllogistic reasoning involves two premises leading to a conclusion, typically containing three items (A, B, C) with one common in both premises. It uses quantifiers like “all,” “some,” “no,” and “some…not.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Representativeness heuristic

5

A

The assumption that an object or individual belongs to a specified category because it is representative (typical) of that category.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Affect heuristic

5

A

Using one’s emotional responses to influence rapid judgements or decisions.

27
Q

Availability heuristic

5

A

The rule of thumb that the frequencies of events can be estimated accurately by the subjective ease with which they can be retrieved from long-term memory

28
Q

Anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic

5

A

Using an initial estimate (an anchor) and then adjusting it to produce a final estimate. However, the adjustment is generally insufficient

29
Q

Support theory

5

A

An event appears more/less likely depending on how it’s described.

30
Q

Subadditivity effect

5

A

The tendency to judge the probability of the whole set of outcomes to be less than the total probabilities of its parts

31
Q

Alignment problem

5

A

Even though systems 1 and 2 are assumed to be distinct and related to attributes of consciousness, deliberation, speed etc., these attributes are much less correlated than assumed theoretically.

32
Q

Good/Bad fallacy

5

A

It is assumed that system 1 processing is often “bad” and error-prone whereas system 2 processing is “good” and leads to rational judgments.There is a lot of evidence that this assumption is oversimplified

33
Q

Logical intution model

5

A

There is rapid intuitive heuristic processing and intuitive logical processing in parallel. This initial processing is sometimes followed by deliberate system 2 processing if the 2 types of initial processing generate different responses

34
Q

Expected utility theory

5

A

We try to maximize utility (the subjective value attached to an outcome) when we choose between several options. Utility is assessed with the formula:
Expected utility = (probability of a given outcome) x (utility of the outcome

35
Q

Prospect theory

5

A
  1. Individuals identify a reference point representing their present state.
  2. Individuals are much more sensitive to potential losses than potential gains (loss aversion). They also prefer
    certain gains over potentially larger but less certain gains (risk aversion)
36
Q

Communal sharing

6

A

Involves a sense of unity and shared identity, where resources are shared without keeping track of who gets what

37
Q

Authority ranking

6

A

Involves a hierarchical structure where individuals are ranked based on their status or power

38
Q

Equality matching

6

A

Involves a sense of fairness and reciprocity, where individuals exchange resources of equal value

39
Q

Market pricing

6

A

Involves a transactional approach, where resources are exchanged based on their perceived value

40
Q

Four Fundamental Moral motive

6

A
  1. Unity
  2. Hierachy
  3. Equality
  4. Proportionality
41
Q

Moral Foundations theory

6

A

Identifies five psychological moral foundations:
1) Loyalty/betrayal,
2) Authority/subversion
3) Purity/degradation
4) Care/harm
5) Fairness/cheating

42
Q

Emotional sharing

6

A

Emotional sharing, also known as empathic arousal or emotional contagion, plays a key role in motivating care and assistance for distressed individuals. It’s considered a rudimentary form of empathy observed across species, from birds to humans.

43
Q

Empathetic concern

6

A

Empathic concern, essential for survival and reproduction in mammals, involves neural systems that respond to
signals of vulnerability and need

44
Q

Perpective taking

6

A

Perspective taking allows individuals to consciously imagine and understand the thoughts and feelings of others. It’s associated with social competence and reasoning.

45
Q

Decision-analytic approach

7

A

Decision-analytic, developed by Raiffa, approach focuses on how regular people behave in negotiations rather than
assuming impeccably rational individuals
(differ from game theory)

46
Q

CNI model

6

A

Ambiguities can be resolved by manipulating 3 factors: Consequences (C), moral norms (N) and preference of
inaction (I)

47
Q

BATNA

7

A

BATNA represents the course of action that a party will take if a negotiation fails to reach an agreement (very important)

48
Q

Conditional model

7

A

Factors like advocacy, ambiguity, and negotiation experience were found to moderate gender differences in negotiation outcomes

49
Q

Three kinds of no

7

A
  1. Tactical no
  2. Reset no
  3. Final no
50
Q

Dictator game

8

A

Economic experiment where one person, the “dictator,” decides how to divide a sum of money between themselves and another, the “recipient,” without any input from the recipient

51
Q

Public goods game

8

A
  • Multiple participants are given an amount of money and are asked to decide how much, if any, they want to contribute to a common pool, the “public good.”
  • The total contributions are multiplied by a factor (often greater than one) and then evenly distributed among all participants, irrespective of their individual contributions.
52
Q

Ultimatum game

8

A

The proposer is given a sum of money (let’s say $10) and proposes how to split it with the responder. The responder can accept or reject the offer. If accepted, the money is divided as proposed. If rejected, neither player gets any money.

53
Q

Trust game

8

A

The investor can choose to share any portion of the money with the trustee.
Whatever amount the investor shares is multiplied by a factor (often more than 1) before reaching the trustee.

54
Q

Prisoners dilemma

8

A

Each prisoner faces two options: cooperate (stay silent) or defect (betray the other).
* If both prisoners cooperate (stay silent), they each receive a moderate sentence for the lesser charge.
* If one defects (betrays) by implicating the other while the other stays silent, the betrayer goes free, and the silent one gets a severe sentence.
* If both defect (betray each other), both receive a moderately severe sentence.

55
Q

Zero-sum game

8

A

The gains and losses are directly opposite or inversely related between the participants. The overall wealth or utility in the system doesn’t change; it only redistributes among the players.

56
Q

Anaphors

9

A

Anaphors are linguistic elements that refer back to a previously mentioned word or phrase in a text

57
Q

Metaphors

9

A

Metaphors are figures of speech that make a comparison between two unrelated things, asserting that one thing is another thing

58
Q

Metaphor interference effect

9

A

Metaphorical and literal meanings are generated simultaneously during comprehension.

59
Q

Prediction model

9

A

Involves two components: latent semantic analysis (word meanings based on
relations) and construction-integration (selecting relevant features for interpretation)

60
Q

Galotti’s theory of naturalistic decision-making

5

A

Involves 5 phases with flexible order
(decision-makers can return to previous phases when struggling to make a decision):
1. Setting goals.
2. Gathering information.
3. Structuring the decision (i.e. listing options + criteria for deciding among them).
4. Making a final choice.
5. Evaluating the decision

61
Q

Impact bias

5

A

The impact of given losses or gains is greater on expected feelings than on experienced feelings (i.e. people
overestimate the intensity & duration of negative emotional reactions to losses and positive emotional reactions to gains

62
Q

Omission bias

5

A

A biased preference for risking harm through inaction compared to risking harm through action.

63
Q

Satisficing

A

Simplifying the decision-making process by using heuristics and ignoring some relevant information sources. When making complex decisions, we cannot use the multi-attribute utility strategy, but instead engage in satisficing

64
Q

Unconscious thought theory

5

A

Conscious thinking is constrained by the limited capacity of conscious awareness, and so unconscious thinking is better than conscious thinking at integrating large amounts of information, and thus it’s more effective during complex decision-making

Complex Cognition (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions