MINERAL NUTRITION Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
define hydroponics
A
soil-less growth of plants in a solution mineral solution
2
Q
hydroponics introduced by
A
Julius Von Sachs
3
Q
in the hydroponics experimental set up why is the lid covered by black paper
A
prevent algal contamination prevent roots from reacting to sunlight
4
Q
significance of hydroponics
A
can be used in areas with thin infertile soil pH can be altered for specific plants soil borne pathogens are controlled problem of weeding is avoided
5
Q
when is a mineral defined an essential
A
if the mineral has a specific structural of physiological role without which the plant cannot survive
6
Q
criteria for an element to be classified as essential was introduced by
A
Arnon and stout
7
Q
criteria for an element to be essential
A
8
Q
How many macronutrients are present in plants
A
9
9
Q
name the macronutrients
A
C , H , O , N , P , K , S , Mg , Ca
10
Q
how much macro and micro nutrients are present in 1 kg of dry weight of the plant
A
10 mmoles / kg
< 10 mmoles / kg
11
Q
excess of macronutrients is toxic for the plants
TRUE OR FALSE
A
FALSE
Not toxic
12
Q
excess fo micronutrients is toxic for plants
TRUE OR FLASE
A
TRUE
13
Q
Name the beneficial elements
A
Na, Co , Si, selinium
14
Q
function of macro nutrients
A
formation of major biomolecules
for building of plant body and protoplasmic constituents
15
Q
function of micronutrients
A
required for functioning of enzymes
16
Q
A
17
Q
name the structural elements
A
C, H, O, N
18
Q
Nitrogen is a constituent in (3)
A
chlorophyll
amino acids
proteins
19
Q
elements present in energy-related compounds
A
Mg in chlorophyll
P in ATP
20
Q
Elements that are activators and inhibitors
A
Mg2+
Mo
Zn2+
Mn2+
21
Q
Mg2+ is activator for
A
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO)
Phosphenlose pyruvate carboxylase (PEPcase)
22
Q
alcohol dehydrogenase is activated by
A
Zn2+
23
Q
nitrogenase is activated by
A
Mo
24
Q
photolysis of water aided by
A
Mn2+
25
osmotic potential and cell turgidity is maintained by
K , Cl , sulphate
26
opening and closing of stomata maintained by
K
27
Phophate acts as a
buffer
28
29
which element is needed in greatest amounts
Nitrogen
30
nitrogen is absorbed mainly in ............
and also in the form ........&........
NO3 -
NO2 - , NH4 +
31
meristematic tissue and metabolically active cells require which element
nitrogen
32
phosphorous is absorbed as
phosphate ions
33
phosphorous is present in
developing fruit , seeds , storage organs , young meristematic tissue
34
role of phosphorous
RNA , DNA , ATP , NADP
35
Deficiency of phosphrous leads to
purple red spots on leaves
delay in seed germination
36
potasium absorbed as
K+
37
role of potassium
anion cation balance
protein synthesis
opening of stomata
activates enzymes present in reactions such as phosphorylation , photosynthesis , respiration and synthesis of chlorophyll
maintains cell tugidity
38
deficiency of potassium leads to
scorched leaf tips
decreased cambial activity
degeneration of plastids
39
calcium is required at
meristematic tissue and differentiating tissue
40
calcium is absorbed in the form of
Ca2+
41
role of calcium
forms middle lamella
required in formation of spindle fibers
required for normal working of cell membrane
activates enzymes like ATPase, alpha-amylase , phospholipase
42
magnesium absorbed in the form of
Mg2+
43
magnesium is required where
at the growing parts of stem , roots, seeds , leaves
44
role of magnesium
formation of middle lamella
required for association of ribosome subunits
activates enzymes involved in photosynthesis and respiration
part of the chlorophyll structure
involved in DNA and RNA synthesis
45
sulphure is abosorbed in which form
sulphate ion
46
role of sulphure
constituent of methionine and cysteine
required for formation of biotin and thiamine , coenzyme A , ferredoxin
47
deficiency of sulphur leads to
accumulation of anthocyanin
48
which micronutrient is needed in highest quantities
iron
49
iron is absorbed in which form
Fe3+ (ferric)
50
where is sulphur required
young leaves and meristem
51
where is iron required
in all parts of the plant
52
role of iron
constituent of proteins involved in electron transfer like ferredoxin , cytochrome
activates enzyme catalase
required for chlorophyll formation
53
which form is manganese absorbed in
manganous ion Mg2+
54
role of manganese
aids in photolysis of water
55
56
deficiency of manganese causes
gray spots in oats
57
zinc absorbed as
Zn2+
58
function of zinc
activates enzyme carboxylase
aids in synthesis of auxin
participates in tryptophan synthesis
59
defiency of zinc causes
leaf malformation
or
little leaf
60
copper absorbed as
Cu2+
61
role of copper
associated with proteins involved in electron transfer
62
Boron absorbed as
BO 3- , B4O7 2-
63
role of boron
Required for uptake and utilization of Ca2+
needed for carbohydrate translocation
needed for pollen germination
needed cell elongation and differentiation
64
deficiency of boron leads to
loss of apical dominance
absence of root nodules in legumes
65
molybdenom absrobed as
molybdate ions (MoO2 -2 )
66
funtion of molybdenum
involved in nitrogen fixation
component of enzymes such as nitrogenase and nitrate reductase
67
chlorine absorbed as
chloride ion (Cl-)
68
function of chlorine
anion cation balance along with Na and K
Also involved in Photolysis of water along with manganese
69
Nickle absorbed as
Ni2+
70
funtion of nickle
component of urea and hydrogenase
involved in urea metabolism
71
nitrogen found where
all parts especially meristematic regions
72
calcium found where
meristem and differentiating tissue
73
phophrous found
developing fruit , seed , storage organs
74
iron found
everywhere
75
nickle found
seeds and leaves
76
chlorine found
everywhere
77
molybdenum found
everywhere , especially in roots
78
boron found where
leaves and seeds
79
zinc found where
everywhere
80
copper found where
everywhere
81
manganese found
leaves and seeds
82
deficiency symptom AKA
hunger sign
83
define critical concentration
the concentration of an essential element below which the growth of a plant is retarded
84
Deficiency of what will cause chlorosis
(nani kovid mugged story from my zinc mohamed)
N , K , Mg , S , Fe , Mn , Zn , Mo
85
deficincy of what will cause necrosis
Ca , Mg , Cu , K
86
deficiency of what would cause inhibition of cell division
N , K , S , Mo
87
deficiency of what will cause late flowering
N, S , Mo
88
toxicity of Mn would cause
Prevention of uptake of Mg , Fe
prevent Mg from binding with enzymes
prevents Ca translocation
brown spots surrounded by chlorotic viens
89
mineral absorption divided into 2 phases
initial phase
metabolic phase
90
explain initial phase
passive entry of ions vio ion channels into apoplast
91
explain metabolic phase
entry of ions into symplast by active transport
entry of ion is influx
exit of ions is efflux
92
which is the limiting nutrient in natural and agricultural ecosystem
nitrogen
93
what form does nitrogen exist in in the atmosphere
N2
94
how much % of atmosphere is nitrogen
78%
95
conversion of N2 to ammonia is called
nitrogen-fixing
96
types of nitrogen fixing
Atmospheric NF
industrial NF
biological NF
97
Explain atmosphereic nitrogen fixing
UV and lightening provide enough energy for N2 to react with oxygen to form NO , NO2 , N20
98
explain industrial nitrogen fixing
Automobile exhaust and power station are good source of oxides of nitrogen
99
Explain biological nitrogen-fixing
cyanobacteriaand other bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen to form NH3 with the help of nitrogenase enzyme
100
name free living N2 fixing bacteria and state whether aerobic or anaerobic
Azotobacter (aerobic)
Beijerinkio (aerobic)
rhodospirlium (anaerobic)
clostridium (anaerobic)
101
name free living nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria
anabeana , nostoc
102
name symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria
rhizobium, Frankia
103
what are the steps of nitrogen cycle
nitrogen fixing
ammonification
nitrification
denitrofication
104
explain ammonification
conversion of decomposing organic nitrogen to ammonia
105
106
bacteria aiding ammonifcation
bacillus Vulgaris , bacillus ramosus , actinomycetes
107
explain nitrification
some ammonia volatize to atmosphere but some converted to nitrate by soil bacteria
2 steps
ammonia -\> NO2 -
NO2- -\> NO3 -
108
What is the step 1 of nitrification and name the bacteria aiding in the process
ammonia to nitrite
nitrosomonas
nitrococcus
109
110
what is step 2 of nitrification and name the bacteria
nitrite to nitrate
nitrobacter
nitrocystis
111
name the chemoautotrophs associated with nitrification
nitrosomonas & nitrobacter
112
why is nitrate converted to ammonia in the plant
nitrate cannot be used by the plant
113
what is nitrate assimilation
conversion of nitrate to nitrite to ammonia
114
in nitrate assimilation, nitrate to nitrite is carried out by which enzyme
nitrate reductase
115
nitrate reductase activated by which element
molybdenum
116
out of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase which one is a flavoprotein
nitrate reductase
117
nitrite to ammonia is done by which enzyme
nitrite reductase
118
what is the source of electrons source for reduction of nitrite to ammonia
ferredoxin
119
nitrite reductase is associated with which elements
copper and iron
120
explain denitrification
left over nitrates in soil is converted to gaseous nitrogen
121
denitrification carried out by which bacteria
pseudomonas denitrificants
thiobascillus denitrificants
122
which bacteria forms nodules in leguminous plants
rhizobium
123
which bacteria forms nodules in non-leguminous plants
Frankia
124
explain nodule formation by rhizobium
rhizobium multiply and colonize a root hair
rhizobium produced Nod factor causing curling of root and hair and they enter the root hair forming an infection thread
bacteria reach the cortex and initiate nodule formation
bacteria stop dividing and form rod shape structure called bacteriod
bacteria release signals to cause the inner corticle and pericycle to divide to form the nudule
125
how are nodules good for nitrogen fixing
contain enzyme nitrogenase and red pigment called leghemoglobin
126
during nitrogen fixing
N2 is reduced by H+ provided
NADPH2 , FMNH2
127
by addition of H+ during nitrogen fixing , N2 is converted to
dimide, N2H2
128
Dimide is reduced to
hydrazine , N2H4
129
hydrazine is reduced to
ammonia
130
how many ATP molecules required to form 1 NH3 molecules
8
131
function of leghemoglobin
nitrogenase enzyme requires anaerobic conditions
leghemoglobin is an O2 scavenger and therefor protects nitrogenase from oxygen
132
why is NH4+ assimilated as soon as it is formed
becuse it is toxic
133
methods by which ammonium is assimilated
1) reductive amination
2) transamination
134
