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Mineralogy > Mineralogy Midterm Prep > Flashcards

Mineralogy Midterm Prep Flashcards

1
Q

what is a mineral

A

MINERAL is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition & an ordered crystalline structure

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2
Q

Idiochromatic

A

The color of the mineral seldom varies, and is diagnostic.

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3
Q

Allochromatic

A

Color varies due to impurities or viewing angle

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4
Q

Chromophores

A

Elements with strong pigmenting capabilities

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5
Q

zoning

A

While a mineral is growing, environmental changes occur which produce different “chemical zones”.

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6
Q

What colors emrald (beryl) and ruby (corrundum)

A

Cr+3

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7
Q

Frenkel Defect?

A

Negative ion missing from structure, creating a site which will attract and trap any free electron; ELECTRON COLOR CENTER (F-Center)

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8
Q

Amethyst Color?

A

Iron containing quartz is exposed to gamma radiation from potassium 40 decay. (ENERGY OXIDIZES Fe3+ to Fe4+)

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9
Q

Color of smokey quartz?

A

radiation damage (of AlO4 group)- Al substitution for Si

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10
Q

Color in blue calcite?

A

shearing stress followed by radiation

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11
Q

Color in Quartz variety Chrysoprase?

A

chlorite impurities or mixture of nickel minerals

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12
Q

Color in Milky Quartz?

A

water inclusions

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13
Q

Blue Quartz?

A

Rutile inclusions (Tio2)

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14
Q

Opalescense?

A

optical affect from light bouncing off of microscopic spheres of silica spheres

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15
Q

Mohs Hardness Scale

A

Talc, Gypsum, Calcite, Flourite, Apatite, Orthoclase, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, Diamond

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16
Q

define pseudomorph

A

different atomic structure; same crystal form

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17
Q

define polymorph

A

same chemical composition; change in crystal form (ex: diamond- graphite)

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18
Q

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) tells you…

A

atomic structure (structural fingerprint)

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19
Q

electron microscopy energy dispersive xray flourescence for…

A

chemical analysis (chemical fingerprint)

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20
Q

what is the coloring agent of sapphire

A

Fe3+

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21
Q

color is a result of…

A

absorption, our eye blends the transmitted colors into a single color

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22
Q

where do diamonds occur

A

occurs in mantle derived kimberlite pipes along with other high temp/ high pressure inerals (the pipe picks up diamonds which formed in the mantle and rapidly carries them to the surface)

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23
Q

top 2 counties for diamond production…

A

botswana, russian federation

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24
Q

Where are pink diamonds from?

A

argyle mine, australia

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25
Q

what is the coloring agent of yellow diamonds?

A

nitrogen impurities

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26
Q

how is sulfur formed?

A
  1. precipitates near volcanic vents from volcanic gasses
  2. secondarily by oxidation of sulfide minerals
  3. reduction of gypsum in sedimentary rocks
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27
Q

Most common ore source of metals from (XmSn) (theres 8)

A

Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, Hg, Mo

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28
Q

This mineral is aka peacock ore

A

Bornite- rich colors from tarnish when mineral is exposed to air. from assorted copper oxides. (tarnish is bluish)

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29
Q

This group of minerals is known as the colorful ones

A

sulfosalts (a mineral in which a semi-metallic element replaces the metals)

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30
Q

Difference in Chemical structure of arsenopyrite, realgar, and orpiment

A

Arseno- FeAsS, Realgar- AsS, Orpiment- As2S3

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31
Q

Ochers are…

A

coloring agents (reds, yellows, oranges, blues, greens)

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32
Q

Difference between Malachite and Azurite…

A

Malachite- Green, Azurite- Blue

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33
Q

Azurite paint…

A

changes to a sickly green as the copper oxidizes and hydrates

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34
Q

Hematite

A

Fe2O3

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35
Q

Magnetite

A

Fe3O4

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36
Q

Limonite

A

FeO(OH)

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37
Q

Oxidation State of iron in hematite?

A

Fe3+

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38
Q

Oxidation state of iron in magnetite?

A

Fe2+ and Fe3+

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39
Q

Oxidation state of iron in limonite?

A

Fe3+

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40
Q

Manganese (Mn) oxides are called…

A

pyrolusite (manganese dendrites)

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41
Q

Hydroxide crystal chemistry for micas?

A

OH- main anionic froup forming sheets with weak bonds between

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42
Q

Brucite Type of Micas

A

trioctahedral sheets (all octahedral cation sites are filled)

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43
Q

Gibbsite-type

A

dioctahedral sheets (only two of three octahedral sites are filled)

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44
Q

black tatoos…

A

magnetite crystals

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45
Q

brown tattoos…

A

ochre

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46
Q

red tattoos…

A

cinnabar, cadmium red

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47
Q

orange tattoos…

A

monoazo pigments

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48
Q

flesh tattoos…

A

ochres

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49
Q

yellow tattoos…

A

cadmium yellow

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50
Q

blue tattoos…

A

azurite, cobalt

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51
Q

green tattoos…

A

chromium oxide

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52
Q

violet tattoos…

A

manganese violet

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53
Q

Earths crust’s 8 main elements:

A

oxygen (47%), silicon (28), aluminum (8), iron (5), magnesium (2), calcium (3.5), sodium (3), potassium (2.5)

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54
Q

Silicates make up what percent of minerals in the earths crust

A

more than 90

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55
Q

of the silicates, what percent exist as quartz and feldspars

A

q-10, feld- 51

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56
Q

what type of silicate is quartz

A

tectosilicate (3D framework of linked silicon tetrahedra)

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57
Q

What is the inversion temperature for displacive transformations of quartz

A

573 c

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58
Q

reconstructive polymorphism…

A

big deal (diamond-graphite)

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59
Q

displacive polymorphism…

A

not big deal (kinking as temperature decreases)

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60
Q

what causes quartz visual strain effects?

A

kinking at lower temperatures

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61
Q

order of quartz reconstructive formations?

A

Low quartz- stishovite or coesite

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62
Q

pressure of stishovite and coesite?

A

high

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63
Q

temperature of tridymite and cristobalite

A

high

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64
Q

Feldspars are…

A

the most abundant mineral in the crust (containing 6 of the 8 most common elements)

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65
Q

3 End members of feldspar series?

A

Albite (Na), Anorthite (Ca), Orthoclase (K)

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66
Q

Alkali Feldspars…

A

Albite—Orthoclase

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67
Q

Plagioclase Feldspars…

A

Albite—Anorthite

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68
Q

Chemical Composition of Sanadine/Orthoclase/ Microcline

A

KAlSi3O8

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69
Q

Chemical Composition of Albite

A

NaAlSi3O8

70
Q

Chemical Composition of Anorthite

A

CaAl2Si2O8

71
Q

There are more solid solutions at…

A

higher temperatures

72
Q

General Formula for Alkali Feldspars

A

(K,Na)AlSi3O8

73
Q

Potassium Feldspar minerals are…

A

polymorphs (same chemistry but different structure)

74
Q

why are the k-spars polymorphs?

A

atomic positions of Al3+ and Si4+

75
Q

What do the names of feldspars reflect

A

realities of compositional gaps as a result of exsolution

76
Q

what determins whether Al3+ ions are ordered or disordered?

A

temperature

77
Q

The order of sanidine is…

A

most disordered (random Al/Si configurations)

78
Q

The order of microcline is…

A

most ordered (Al and Si divied into particular locations)

79
Q

The order of orthoclase is…

A

intermediate (in between the others)

80
Q

High temperature =

A

disorder

81
Q

Sanidine has what symmetry?

A

mirror plane symmetry

82
Q

Al avoidance principle…

A

cooling and separation of the Al and Si atoms, becomming ordered as to prevent the Al atoms from occupying adjacent sites

83
Q

Perthite

A

intergrowths of albite. Na rich masses in a matrix of K-rich feldspar

84
Q

Antiperthite

A

K spar masses in a matrix of sodium rich feldspar

85
Q

exsolution?

A

coming out of solid solution. solution separating into 2 compositional masses

86
Q

what is anorthoclase?

A

an intimate and submicroscopic intermixture of plagioclase and an alkali feldspar

87
Q

Why does anorthoclase form?

A

rock composition, temperature of crystallization and crystallization rate

88
Q

displacive phase transition happens when…

A

the cation in the cavity site is too small the there is a collapse of the framework (making an anorthoclase)

89
Q

oswald step rule is…

A

a spontaneous reaction will never move from a stable state to a metastable state

90
Q

what is twinning?

A

an accident that can occur during crystal growth

91
Q

alkali feldspar twinning

A

twin lamallae

92
Q

Plagioclase feldspar series general formula?

A

(Na,Ca)(Al,Si)4O8

93
Q

Coupled Substitution in Plagioclase feldspars?

A

Na+Si4+ = Ca2+Al3+ (must maintain electric neutrality) (AT LOWER TEMPERATURES SUBSTITUTION DOES NOT WORK)

94
Q

members of Plagioclase diagram?

A

albite, oligoclase, andesine, labradorite, bytownite, anorthite

95
Q

What happens in a move from albite to orthoclase

A

Substitute Al3+ for Si4+ and an additional Na+ or K+ is added

96
Q

What happens in a move from albite to anorthite

A

substitute 2 Al3+ for Si4+ and this allows Ca2+ to be added

97
Q

domains are?

A

subatomic orders

98
Q

Feldspathoids?

A

Silica poor feldspars

99
Q

What is not one if the three most abundant groups in the earths crust?

A

Amphiboles

100
Q

High quartz which is formed in most magmatic granites is

A

Usually transformed to low quartz upon slow cooling below 573c

101
Q

The term domains in the plagioclase Feldspats refers to

A

Discrete chemically unique zones at the atomic level

102
Q

Anorthoclase is a species of feldspar that forms as a result of

A

Rapid cooling

103
Q

Plagioclase feldspar polysynthethetic striatum a are due to

A

Twinning

104
Q

Sanidine is an

A

Alkali feldspar

105
Q

One if the most important geologic and or environmental factors that causes and or results in the formation if one or another of the alkali feldspar polymorphs is

A

Ordering of al3+ and si4+

106
Q

Sanidine forms at BLANK and has BLANK symmetry

A

High temperature; monoclinic

107
Q

What is no longer considered a mineral by the international mineralogical commission?

A

Hornblende

108
Q

What is not considered a mineral?

A

Glass

109
Q

What information CANNOT be gathered from zoning in a crystal?

A

Lemurian codes

110
Q

Which mineral does not obtain it’s color from radiation?

A

Ruby

111
Q

The concentric growth between malachite and azurite and the chemical zoning of watermelon tourmaline are a result of

A

Environmental changes in a dynamic system

112
Q

Tenacity can be defined as

A

Resistance to deformation

113
Q

Why is there such variation in the color if fluorite?

A

Color centers

114
Q

As you decrease temperature, ex solution in feldapars

A

Begins

115
Q

What type of spectroscopy was used to locate water on Mars

A

Reflectance spectroscopy

116
Q

An example of two common minerals which are pseudo morphs with the first changing to the second

A

Pyrite and limonite

117
Q

Stenos law states that

A

The internal angles of crystal faces will remain constant, regardless of outward appearance

118
Q

Spectroscopy is the changes in how BLANK interacts with a mineral

A

Energy

119
Q

Visible light perceived by the human eye lies between

A

400 and 700 nanometers

120
Q

Pyrope-almandine (gore mountain garnet) has BLANK and BLANK have parting surfaces

A

No cleavage, does

121
Q

Minerals that have had their crystal structure destroyed due to radiation are

A

Metamictix minerals

122
Q

An example of a fiberpus mineral would be

A

Chrysotile

123
Q

Braggs law gives a mathematical relationship between

A

Crystal lattice spacing, wavelength and refraction angle

124
Q

Nephrite is a BLANK and a jadeite is a BLANK and both form at

A

Amphibole, pyroxene; high pressures

125
Q

Traces of cr3+ colors which 2 minerals?

A

Ruby and emrald

126
Q

Emrald is a variation is BLANK and is usually BLANK in color

A

Beryl; green

127
Q

Saphire is colored by traces of

A

Fe3+

128
Q

Color in minerals is a result of BLANK wavelengths of light and our eyes see the BLANK colors

A

Absorbed; transmitted

129
Q

Emeralds from Columbia South America often contain inclusions if pyrite or graphite. These inclusions indicate

A

Different source areas- chigoe and Mizo

130
Q

What color does quartz turn after being heat treated

A

Colorless

131
Q

The shroedinger model of the atom differs from the Bohr model primarily by

A

Assigning probabilities to the positions of orbital electrons

132
Q

The country with the worlds largest supplier of gem emerald is

A

Columbia

133
Q

Marcasite refers to

A

A polymorph of pyrite and a white pyrite rich in arsenic

134
Q

Hope diamonds unique blue color is due to races of

A

Boron

135
Q

Most of the sulfur cap rock often encountered in gulf coast salt domes originated from

A

Oxidation of gypsum by bacteria

136
Q

Eh ph diagrams can be used to asses the

A

Stability feilds of sulfides carbonates and oxides

137
Q

Which of the following is not a reconstructive transformation

A

Low quartz to high quartZ

138
Q

Ex solution processes provide an opportunity for geologists to learn

A

To apply geothermometry analysis to coexisting mineral pairs

139
Q

The extent/ amount if mineralogical solid solution is typically more extensive at

A

Higher temperatures

140
Q

Displacing transformations observed for some varieties of quartz are

A

often slow and metastable because of the energy required for the change

141
Q

What is the term for the major crustal aluminum hydroxide mineral

A

Bauxite

142
Q

High quartz which is formed in most magmatic granites is

A

Usually transformed to low quartz upon slow cooling below 573

143
Q

The chemical compositions of coexisting fe ti spinels (especially ilmenite magnetite rutile) can be used to decipher

A

Geothermometry and gas (oxygen) character and behavior

144
Q

The most common mineral making up the earths crust is

A

Quartz, especially in igneous and metamorphic rocks

145
Q

Which is not one if the three most abundant elements in the earths crust?

A

Calcium

146
Q

CaCO3 is formed…

A

by various marine organisms and isnt different from the calcium carbonate phase formed from precipitation from a solution of heated water

147
Q

Calcium carbonated can form which 2 different minerals

A

calcite or aragonite (polymorphs)

148
Q

Pressure distinctions between calcite vs aragonite?

A

aragonite is high pressure (orthorhombic) Calcite is low pressure (hexagonal)

149
Q

aragonite is often in what form?

A

the form in which the mineral is first precipitated

150
Q

how does sedimentary aragonite form?

A

metastabaly due to supersaturation

151
Q

if pressure time and comp for pearl formation is essentially the same, why does one or the other carbonate polymorphs form?

A

organic template for nucleation-introduction to nucleation and growth processes

152
Q

what is an organic template?

A

thee organic molecule provides a template for nucleation from solution

153
Q

Dolomite is a

A

common carbonate mineral containing Mg and Ca

154
Q

Calcite is equivalent to what

A

to a modified NaCl structure

155
Q

What substitutions are made with calcite

A

similarly sized cations for Ca+2

156
Q

Calcite cleavage?

A

twin planes parallel to the long dimension of the rhomb (bisect the acute angle)

157
Q

Dolomite cleavage?

A

twin planes parallel both the long and short dimension of the rhomb (bisect both the acute and obtuse angles)

158
Q

What are the layers of dolomite?

A

alternating ca and mg layers (takes extra energy and time to order)

159
Q

what are the common substiutions made?

A

ca-mg-fe (-mn)

160
Q

talc and magnesite association due to…

A

metamorphosed ultramafics

161
Q

major groups of sulfates?

A

anhydrous (no water) hydrous (water)

162
Q

main members of barite group?

A

barite (BaSO4), celestite-celestine (SrSO4), Anhydrite (CaSO4), Crocoite (PbCrO4)

163
Q

white sands caused by what?

A

weathered mountains which contain gypsum rich limestone. gypsum is dissolved by rain and water caries it. wind carried and crushed by wind

164
Q

uses for gypsum?

A

fertilizer, concrete additive before its poured

165
Q

what is incomplete calcination

A

gypsum rock heated to 100-190 and loses 3/4 of its water (plaster of paris)

166
Q

complete calcinaion?

A

at temperatures above 190c all water is removed (anhydrite)

167
Q

what is phosphogypsum

A

major bi prodcut of phosphoric acid production

168
Q

desulfogypsum is?

A

obtained from the desulfurization of combustion gases in coal burning power plants

169
Q

apatite associations from yates uranium mine?

A

fluorite and dipside

170
Q

what is phosphorite?

A

phosphate rich sedimentary rock

Mineralogy (3 decks)

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