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Mineralogy > Mini Maxi Quiz Prep > Flashcards

Mini Maxi Quiz Prep Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the conditions under which olivine is found

A

High temperature igneous material, common in mafic and ultra mafic rocks; commonly alters to serpentine

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1
Q

General formula for olivine?

A

(Mg,Fe,X)2SiO4

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2
Q

Formula for the olivine group

A

(Mg,Fe,Mn)2SiO4

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3
Q

Forsterite

A

MgSiO4

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4
Q

Fayalite

A

FeSiO4

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5
Q

What are neosilicates

A

Independent SiO4 tetrahedra; crystal sites or boxes

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6
Q

Some other names for olivine

A

Peridot- green gem
Chrysolite- yellow olivine
Dunite- solid, grainy masses of olivine. Classified as a rock
Olivinoid- extraterrestrial form of olivine found in meteorites

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7
Q

General garnet formula?

A

A2+ 3 B3+ 2 [SiO4]3

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8
Q

Which garnets make up the “pyralspites”

A

Pyrope MgAl, almandine Fe2+Al, spessartine MnAl

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9
Q

What are the 2 major groups of garnets

A

calcium rich and aluminum rich

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10
Q

which garnets make up the ugrandite series

A

uvarovite CaCr, grossular CaAl, andradite CaFe3+

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11
Q

Gore Mountain Garnet…

A

Pyrope-Almandine

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12
Q

What type of rock to garnets most occur in

A

metamorphic

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13
Q

where do pyralspites occur

A

meta-shales

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14
Q

where do ugrandites occur

A

meta-carbonates

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15
Q

Tsavorite Garnet is

A

grossular

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16
Q

Rhodolite is

A

pyrope-almandine

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17
Q

what controls the extent of substitution (solid solution)

A

TEMPERATURE

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18
Q

Aluminosilicates

A

Kyanite, Sillimanite, Andalusite (Al2SiO5)

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19
Q

how do these aluminosilicates form

A

moderate to high grade metamorphic minerals formed from AL-rich source rocks

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20
Q

General Aluminosilicate Formula

A

Al2SiO5 or AlO(Al,Si)O4

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21
Q

why do polymorphs form

A

Al position in the octahedral site or a mix of octahedral to tetrahedral sites

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22
Q

Al site location

A

Al can be in a six-coordination or four coordination site

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23
Q

High Pressure causes

A

more dense, packs MORE oxygen around Al3+

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24
High Temperature causes
less dense, packs FEWER oxygens around Al3+
25
Sillimanite sites
octahedral and tetrahedral
26
kyanite sites
octahedral
27
Importance of these minerals?
1. common in metamorphic rocks formed from shales (pelitic rocks). 2. Petrogenetic indicators
28
Mineral Solid Solution
A solid solution is a mineral structure where specific atomic sites are occupied in variable proportions by 2 or more different chemical elements
29
what are the 3 major controls on solid solution
atom size, valence charge, temperature
30
what needs to be true for substitution
the ionic radii of the substituting atoms must be able to fit into the site occupied by the entity for which they are substituting
31
radius ratio rule: if the atom in the middle is too small...
it will shake rattle and role
32
if the atom in the middle is too large...
a stable coordination shell will NOT form around it
33
rule of thumb for radius ratio
if the radii differ by 15-30% substitution is limited or very rare, if the radii differ by more than 30%, substitution is very unlikely
34
Paulings Rules
1. coordination principle, 2. electrostatic valency principle, 3.sharing of polyhedral elements (geometry), 4.sharing of polyhedral elements (electric charges) 5. The Principle of Parsimony
35
What determines the shape of a molecule?
1. electron pairs, bonding or nonbonding, repel eachother | - assume electron pairs are as far as possible from each other
36
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)
The BEST energetic arrangement of a given number of electron domains is the one that MINIMIZES the repulsions among them
37
Electro Static Valence Principle
an ionic structure will be stable to the extent that the sum of the strengths of electrostatic bonds that reach an anion from adjacent cations= the charge of that anion (each atom the anion is sharing with must have same fraction of charge)
38
3rd rule:
The sharing of edges and particularly of faces of adjacent polyhedra tend to decrease the stability of an ionic structure
39
why is sharing important?
it yeilds POLYMERIZATION its how structures are built up
40
what type of sharing is the most stable
CORNER SHARING
41
what type of sharing is least stable
FACE SHARING
42
4th rule:
In a crystal with different cations those of high valence and small CN tend not to share polyhedral elements
43
5th rule:
the number of different kinds of constituents in a crystal tends to be small
44
shared corners in silicon tetrahedra are called?
bridging oxygens
45
pyroxene building blocks are modeled after what structure
I beam model
46
diopside formula
CaMgSi2O6
47
augite formula
Ca(Mg,Fe,Al)(Al,Si)2O6
48
general pyroxene formula:
``` W1-P(X,Y)1+PZ2O6 W= Ca Na X= Mg Fe2+ Mn Ni Li Y= Al Fe3+ Cr Ti Z= Si Al ```
49
because they are anhydrous
high temperature or dry conditions favor pyroxenes over amphiboles
50
Enstatite Formula
Mg2Si2O6 or MgSiO3
51
Ferrosilite
Fe2Si2O6 or Fe2+SiO3
52
Diopside
CaMgSi2O6
53
Hedenbergite
CaFe2+Si2O6
54
Jadeite
NaAlSi2O6
55
Aegerine
NaFe3+Si2O6
56
Ca-Tschermak
CaAl(Al,Si)O6
57
Miscibility gaps with the pyroxenes?
Clino v. Ortho and Ca-rich vs. Fe-Mg rich
58
orthopyroxenes
Ca-poor
59
between which 2 is there a Fe-Mg solid solution
Enstatite-Ferrosillite
60
Clinopyroxenes
Ca rich
61
between which 2 is there a Mg-Fe solid solution
diopside-hedenbergite
62
silicate tetrahedra chain linkages and cation size interact to produce
Pyroxenes and Pyroxenoids
63
the ionosilicate chain BLANK depending upon BLANK that fits within the bends of the silica tetrahedra
kinks, size of the cation
64
what is found in harrisville, ny
wollastonite and blue calcite
65
amphibole chemistry?
LARGE variety of chemical sites and sizes GREAT chemical range and a broad stability range
66
amphibole general formula
``` W0-1 X2 Y5 [Z8O22] (OH,F,CL)2 W= Na K X= Ca Na Mg Fe2+ (Mn, Li) Y= Mg Fe2+ Mn Al Fe3+ Ti Z= Si Al ```
67
What are the 5 amphibole sub-groups
Calcic Amphiboles, Sodic Clino-Amphiboles, (mg-Mn-Fe-Li) Clino Amphiboles, (Mg-Fe-Mn-Li) Ortho Amphiboles, Named Amphiboles
68
Mg-Ca-Na Solid solution of amphiboles?
tremolite, winchite, richterite
69
Cleavages of Pyroxenes v Amphiboles
pyroxene- 87 and 93 | amphibole- 124 and 56
70
what are cleavage angles in these pyrox and amphi
weak bonds in M2 sites (around Ibeams instead of through them)
71
amosite?
asbestiform of cummingtonite-grunerite
72
Hornblende
a complex solid solution in a broad variety of both igneous and metamorphic rocks
73
sodic amphiboles
characteristic of high P/T subduction zone metamorphism- commonly called blueschist due to predominant bluish sodic amphiboles
74
crocidolite asbestos
asbestiform riebeckite
75
define plane
a two dimensional construct that defines a family of atoms within the crystal lattice. for example, the plane of basal obygen atoms or the plan of octahedral atoms
76
define sheet
a substructure consisting of a network of corner sharing tetrahedra or edge sharing octahedra
77
define layer
the combined sheets fundamental to the phyllosilicate group of minerals
78
Biopyroboles
Biotite Pyroxene Amphibole
79
whether or not a mineral or specific composition grows or remains in a rock depends on:
1. Chemical composition of the geochemical system 2. pressure of equilibrium reaction 3. temperature of equilibrium reaction
80
reaction pathway complicated by
P-T-t gradients (pressure temp time) fluid composition (water co2) open/ closed hemical system deformation kinetics

Mineralogy (3 decks)

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