Minerals

Question 1

What two things make minerals different from vitamins, carbs, and proteins?

Answer 1

• they are not organic compounds, but elemental atoms or ions
• they are not destroyed by heat, light, acidity, or alkalinity

Question 2

What makes minerals similar to vitamins?

Answer 2

both are micronutrients, only needed in small amounts

Question 3

What are 4 things minerals are essential for?

Answer 3

• coafactors in enzymes
• components of body fluids (electrolytes)
• sites for binding oxygen (transport)
• structural component of non-enzymatic macromolecules

Question 4

True or False? Balance of ions in proper ratio is often of greater importance than specific mineral concentration.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Specific _____ proteins are required for some mineral absorption.

Answer 5

carrier

Question 6

What 7 factors effect the bioavailability of minerals?

Answer 6

• fiber
• phytate
• polyphenols
• oxalate
• competition from other minerals
• acidity of the intestinal environment
• person’s need

Question 7

True or False?

Mineral deficiencies are usually secondary causes.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

True or False? Trace elements deficiencies are due mainly to prominence of refined processed foods in diet.

Answer 8

True.

Reason: elements tend to concentrate in germ of seeds/grains which are removed when food is processed

Question 9

What are macrominerals?

Answer 9

minerals required in amounts greater than 100mg/dL

Question 10

What macromineral is a constituent of bone/teeth?

Answer 10

calcium

Question 11

What macromineral effect activity of the heart, nerves, and muscles (membrane excitability, muscle contraction)?

Answer 11

calcium

Question 12

What macromineral effects blood clotting mechanisms?

Answer 12

calcium

Question 13

What macromineral regulates cell funcion: mediate action of hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters via calmodulin?

Answer 13

calcium

Question 14

In what 4 ways does calcium regulate balance in the body?

Answer 14

• bone metabolism = deposition/resorption
• kidney = resorption of Ca
• parathyroid hormones (PTH released due to decreased plasma Ca)
• dietary factors promoting absorption

Question 15

How is vitamin D involved with calcium?

Answer 15

vitamin D is required for synthesis of Ca-binding protein

Question 16

Decreased blood calcium is ____.

Answer 16

tetany

Question 17

What are the 4 causes of low blood calcium?

Answer 17

• vitamin D deficiency
• hypoparathyroidism
• renal insufficiency (increased renal excretion)
• decreased dietary content

Question 18

What are some diseases that can be caused by calcium deficiency?

Answer 18

• Rickets
• Osteomalacia
• Osteoporosis
• Paget’s disease
• enamel hypoplasia

Question 19

What are the 4 functions of phosphate?

Answer 19

• structure of bones
• intermediary metabolism
• major intracellular buffer systems
• membrane structure

Question 20

What are the 6 regulatory factors of phosphate?

Answer 20

• renal function
• hormones (PTH):
  
  • hyperparathyroidism (increased clearance of phosphate
  • hypoparathyroidism (decrease renal clearance)
• vitamin D
• intestinal absorption

Question 21

What are two phosphate deficiency diseases?

Answer 21

rickets and osteomalacia

Question 22

________ is found in ICF in 10 times the amount of that in ECF.

Answer 22

Magnesium

Question 23

What are the functions of magnesium?

Answer 23

• structure of bones and teeth
• enzyme activator (all rxns involving ATP)
• neuromuscular transmission and activity

Question 24

Magensium and _________ compete in absorption, membrane transport, and crystallization of bone.

Answer 24

calcium

Question 25

True or False? | Renal failure causes increased blood serum levels of Magnesium.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

True or False? Deficiency of magnesium leads to degenerative changes in ameloblasts/odontoblasts.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What macromineral is a major cation of ECF?

Answer 27

sodium

Question 28

What are the 4 functions of sodium?

Answer 28

- acid-base equilibirum - fluid osmolarity (osmotic pressure/blood pressure) - normal irritability of nerves/muscles - glucose absorption across intestinal membrane

Question 29

True or False? Increased sodium can cause hyperactive adrenal cortex.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

True or False? Potassium is a major cation of ICF.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What are the 5 functions of potassium?

Answer 31

- normal muscular/neuromuscular activity (cardiac muscle) - fluid osmolarity - energy dependent Na+/K+ ATPase pump - acid-base equilibrium - enzyme activity (pyruvate kinase)

Question 32

Increases blood potassium leads to ______.

Answer 32

hyperkalemia

Question 33

Decreases in blood K leads to ______.

Answer 33

hypokalemia (rare)

Question 34

What are the four functions of sulfur?

Answer 34

- protein structure - enzyme activity - transmethylation reactions/PAPS - detoxication mechanism

Question 35

What are the 4 functions of chloride?

Answer 35

- water balance - elcetrolyte balance - acid-base equilibrium - digestive processes

Question 36

What are the 5 functions of micromineral fluoride?

Answer 36

- improved/enlarged crystal structure of bone/enamel: fluoroapetite - decreased bone resorption - decreased solubility of bone/enamel - inhibit glycolyticc activity of certain bacterial enzymes

Question 37

What are the major micromineral functions of iron?

Answer 37

- oxygen transport - brain function - immune function - enzyme cofactor or constituent

Question 38

Where is iron located?

Answer 38

mucosal cells of stomach/dudodenum

Question 39

What type of iron is more soluble?

Answer 39

ferrous iron

Question 40

What does iron deficiency lead to?

Answer 40

hypochromic microcytic anemia

Question 41

90% of oxygen used by the body is dependent on what micromineral?

Answer 41

copper

Question 42

What are the two functions of copper?

Answer 42

- oxidase enzymes | - hemoglobin/myelin synthesis

Question 43

Decreased copper leads to what disease?

Answer 43

Wilson's disease

Question 44

Where is copper located?

Answer 44

liver and brain

Question 45

True or False? Hypochromic microcytic anemia of infants is a result of copper deficiency.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

What is the function of iodine?

Answer 46

thyroid gland activity via iodination of tyrosine to form T3/T4

Question 47

What are the three actions of iodine?

Answer 47

- regulation of metabolic rate (BMR) - anabolic effect in moderate concentrations - increase intestinal absorption of glucose

Question 48

What are the 2 functions of selenium?

Answer 48

- gluthione peroxidase component | - oral involvement

Question 49

What is the function of molybdenum?

Answer 49

oxidase enzymes (FAD flavoprotein)

Question 50

What are the 3 functions of manganese?

Answer 50

- enzyme activator - glycoprotein/proteoglycan synthesis - gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid

Question 51

What is the function of cobalt?

Answer 51

constituent of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Question 52

What are the two functions of zinc?

Answer 52

- enzyme activator | - insulin component

Question 53

What are three effects of zinc deficiency?

Answer 53

- growth failure - poor wound healing - loss of taste and smell

Question 54

True or False? Strontium has similar properties to calcium.

Answer 54

True

Question 55

True or False? 99% of total body lead is in the skeleton, the remainder is in rbc, liver, and kidneys.

Answer 55

True

Question 56

What is the function of lead?

Answer 56

hematopoietic system

Question 57

What is the function of chromium?

Answer 57

prevention of glucose intolerance

Question 58

What is the function of lithium?

Answer 58

controls manic-depressive psychosis mood swings

Question 59

What is the function of aluminum?

Answer 59

relatively inert biologically but has molecular functions

Question 60

What is the result of cadmium toxicity?

Answer 60

kidney damage