Minerals Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
which minerals belong to the macromineral group
A
calcium magnesium sodium potassium (sulphur, chloride, iron)
2
Q
what minerals belong to the micromineral group
A
chromium cobalt copper fluoride iodine iron manganese selenium zinc
3
Q
what is the main role of minerals
A
- bone: 25% ash, 36% Ca, 17% P, 0,8% Mg
- teeth: fluoride
- hair, wool, hooves: S-aminoacids and others
- soft tissues
- blood elements: Fe, Ca, Co
4
Q
functional support of minerals
A
- maintain acid-bace balance: na, k, ca, mg, cl
- maintain osmotic balance: sodium, potassium, chloride
- facilitate the transfer of nutrients across cell membranes: na, k, ca, mg
- maintain proper nerve conduction: na, ca, k, mg
- help to contract and relax muscles: ca, mg
- in enzyme systems regulating cellular functions: se – glutathione peroxidase. B12 vitamin
- regulate bodys tissue growth: iodine in T3, T4
- help expression and regulation of genes
5
Q
calcium
biological function
A
- bone structure
- blood clotting (prothrombin and thrombin)
- muscle contraction
- neurotransmission
- enzyme activator
- egg production: 2g ca per egg ca
- neutralizes acidity
6
Q
calcium
what are the general deficiency diseases
A
acute hypocalcemia
chronic hypocalcemia
calcium and phosphorous deprevation
7
Q
calcium
deficiency in ruminants
A
Ruminants: hypocakcaemia
ruminants: milk fever
8
Q
calcium
ruminant hypocalcemia
A
- decreased GI and rumen motility - risk of abdominal displacement
- decreased appetite - fat mobilization, ketosis
- decreased muscle contractability - closing of teats - risk of mastitis
- downer cow syndrome
9
Q
calcium
ruminant milk fever
A
high yealding older lactating cows
- 48 hrs after calving
- Muscular weakness, circulatory failure, muscle twitching
- Anorexia, rumen stasis
- Convulsions or tetany
10
Q
calcium
hypocalcemia in Ca, Fe
A
Ca, fe: hypocalcemia
- Postpartum eclampsia / puerpera tetany
- Prior to birth
- Underactive parathyroid gland
- Calcium supplementation during pregnancy
- Inadequate Ca:P ratio in diet during pregnancy
- Muscle tremors, tetany, convulsions
11
Q
cacium
equine hypocalcemia
A
Equine hypocalcemia
- Sweat
- Diaphragmatic flutter: endotoxaemia, endurance horses
- Lactation tetany: 2 weeks before delivery – weaning
- Transport tetany
- Blister beetle toxicosis
12
Q
calcium
where is it found
A
Forages – legumes – alfalfa
Milk and milk replacers
(cereals are low)
13
Q
calcium
control of supply
A
feedstuff
14
Q
chloride
biological function
A
- main EC anion
- always together with na or k – cellular pump function
- production of HCl in stomach
15
Q
chloride
daily requirements
A
Bo: 2-2,5 g/kg DM
Ov: 1,8-2,5 g/kg
Su: 2-3 g
DM 0,3% of daily feed ration
16
Q
chloride
deficiency
A
Hyperchloremia - metabolic alkalosis
- horse: endurance exercise – sweating
- ruminants: abomasal displacement
17
Q
chloride
where is it found
A
Fish and meat meal – not to food producing animals
Grass: 0,03
18
Q
magnesium
biological function
A
- enzyme activity
- metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
- cell membrane functions
- neurotransmission
- increase alkalinity
- processing ATP
19
Q
magnesium
daily requirements
A
Bo: 0,7-2,5 g/kg DM
Ov: 1,2-1,8 g/kg
Sus: 0,4 g
20
Q
magnesium
deficiency
A
Inflammation – SIRS: low mg
Neurotransmission: low resting membrane potential- convulsions
Insulin resistance
Decreased PTH production - hypocalcemia
Grass tetany / winter tetany/ calf tetany
21
Q
magnesium
grass tetany
A
Grass tetany / winter tetany/ calf tetany:
- lactating beef cow in pasture: spring grass: low mg, ruminal acidosis and high pasture K decrease absorption of Mg in forestomach, parallel hypocalcemia common
- winter: poor quality feed
- calves: milk replacers
22
Q
magnesium
where is it found
A
Mineral supplement: mgo, mgco3, mgso4
Alfalfa
23
Q
magnesium
control of supply
A
Serum levels
Absorption
Excretion
- feces, urine
24
Q
phosphorous
biological function
A
- formation and maintenance of bone
- deoxy- and ribonucleic acid component
- cell membrane formation
- osmotic and acid base balance maintenance
- ATP
- Fatty acid transportation, amino acid and protein synthesis
- Sodium / potassium ion pomp activity
25
phosphorous
| deficiency
```
Hyperphosphatemia
- Cell lysis
Hypophosphatemia
- Refeeding syndrome: Hyperinsulinemia/hyperglycemia P goes into cell
- Haemolysis
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Nervous system
```
26
phosphorous
| where is it found
Grains – cereals
Lesser amounts: green forages, legumes, mineral supplement
Mineral supplements
27
phosphorous
| control of supply
Absorption: small and large intestine
- Decreased: phytate
- Increased vitamin D
Excretion: Feed Urine
28
potassium
| biological function
1. Main IC ion – systemic electrolyte
2. Highest concentration in muscle
3. Coregulating ATP with sodium
29
potassium
| daily requirements
Bo: 6,5-10 g/kg
Ov: 5-8 g/kg
Sus: 1,7-2,8 g
30
potassium
| deficiency
Rare
Loss of appetite
Wekness
Ru: high K in close up dry cows feed, increase risk of milk fever
31
potassium
| where is it found
Forages – feed of plant origin
32
potassium
| control of supply
Short term control: serum, insulin
| Long term: urine, sweat ruminants
33
sodium
| biological function
1. Main EC cation – systemic electrolyte
2. Homeostatic control
3. Coregulating ATP with potassium
34
sodium
| daily requirements
Bo: 1-1,9 g/kg
Ov: 0,9-1,8 g/kg
Sus: 1,5-2 g
DM 0,15-0,2 % NaCl supplementation of daily ration
35
sodium
| hyponatremia
acute low serum Na
| chronic low Na intake
36
sodium
| acute low serum Na
Acute low serum Na:
- Behavioural abnormalities, vomiting, convulsions, decreased consciousness
- Causes: dehydration: vomit and diarrhe, euhydration: Addison or SIDAH, hyperhydration: renal insufficiency
37
sodium
| chronic low Na intake
Chronic low Na intake
- Pica, cannibalism in broilers
- Pu pd
- Weight loss
- Limiting milk production
38
sodium
| hypernatremia
Hypernatremia
High na: thirst, disorientation convulsions, PU
- Dehydratin: heat stress, sweat, burns
- Euhydration: diabetes insipidus, salt toxicosis
- Hyperhydraton: cushings
39
sodium
| where is it found
Feed of animal origin – fish meal
| plant origin does not have enough
40
sodium
| control of supply
Excretion: Faeces, saliva, saliva, sweat
41
cobalt
| biological function
1. Part of vitamin B12
| 2. Enzyme activator: methyl-malonyl-CoA cholesterol synthesis
42
cobalt
| daily requirements
1% Co supply (long release bolus)
| - Only required in ruminants where rumen bacteria produce B12
43
cobalt
| deficiency
Growth depression – ruminants
Anemia
White liver disease - sheep
44
cobalt
| overdose / toxicity
rare
Toxicosis: fatty liver, pneumothorax
Polycytemia in monogastric animals
45
cobalt
| where is it found
Legumes
| Plants, yeasts, molasses, coprophagy
46
copper
| biological function
1. Ligaments and tendons
2. Activity of mitochondrial enzymes (redox) cytochrome c
3. Melanin synthesis
4. Mobilization of iron storage
47
copper
| deficiency
Bound to ceruloplasmin in cell and blood
- Copper deficiency- decreased ceruplasmin
- Transformation deficient: fe2+ fe3+ anemia
Wool structure and pigment loss
Damage in the foetal nervous system
Increased bone fragility
Foal: developmental orthopaedic disease
- Eg. Osteochondrosis dissecans
- Chronic inflammation copper deficiency
48
copper
| toxicosis
Calves:
- Very high abs from milk
- Administration of coccidiostat antibiotics increase absorp
Sheep (calves):
1. Pre haemolytic stage: Cu fills up liver storage – no clinical signs
2. Haemolytic phase: liver overloaded, stress, liver damage, copper to blood damage on blood cells
49
copper
| where is it found
Cereals in concentrate feed is better than supply from forage
Forages: bound to vegetable lipids
Grains: dicotyledons sunflower
50
copper
| control of supply
hair
51
fluorine
| biological function
1. Formation of tooth enamel – fluoroapatite crystal
| 2. Bones and teeth
52
fluorine
| deficiency
rare
53
fluorine
| toxicity
Accumulation in
| - Discoloured teeth, bone
54
fluorine
| where is it found
High water content or phosphate supplements have high fluoride
1-4 mg/kg
55
fluorine
| control of supply
Storage in bone and teeth
| Excreted in urine
56
iodine
| biological function
1. Development of nervous system
| 2. Biosynthesis of thyroxine
57
iodine
| deficiency
Deficiency in certain geographical areas
Water nitrate contamination, goitrogen plant
Goiter, myxedema, difficult reproduction (abnormal foetus, abortion)
58
iodine
| where is it found
Forages
| Drinking water 3-10 ug/kg
59
iodine
| control of supply
Milk
| 75% bound to tyrosine in thyroid gland in the hormones
60
iron
| biological function
1. Constituent of haemoglobin and myoglobin
2. Active part of catalase, peroxidase and cytochrome P450
3. O2 delivery
61
iron
| deficiency
Piglet: low level in sow colostrum anemia, cardiac hypertrophy
Calves: less common
Rare in adult animal
Chronic diseases: apparent Fe deficiency (blood loss iron def)
62
iron
| toxicity
```
Parenteral iron treatment
- Cannot limit absorption
- Antioxidant pretreatment
- Hepatocellular necrosis
Enteral:
- Chronic: immunosuppression
- Free radicals, oxidizing lipids and antioxidants
```
63
iron
| where is it found
Plant feeds
64
iron
| control of supply
Storage: liver, bone marrow
65
manganese
| biological function
1. Synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and cartilage
2. Stimulation of denovo cholesterol synthesis: important in females – ovaries produce steroids
3. Cofactor for antioxidant enzymes – superoxide dismutase
66
manganese
| deficiency
Developmental abnormalities of the skeletal system
- Part of glucosyl transferase system cartilage development
- Perosis: slip of achilles tendon, calcaneous deformity
Reproduction:
- Alimentary fertility – number of female foetuses decrease
67
manganese
| where is it found
Monocotyledon: grasses – sour grass
Dicotyledons: lower amount - alfalfa
68
manganese
| control of supply
Storage: liver (skin, muscle, bone)
Faeces
Hair: 7 mg/kg
69
molybdenum
biological function
where is it found
Required for xanthine oxidase and related oxidases
forages
70
nickel
| biological function
present in urease
71
selenium
| biological function
1. Antioxidant with E-vitamin or separately
| 2. Glutathione peroxidase
72
selenium
| deficiency
Secondary hypothyroidism: De dependent deiodases
Broilers: exudative diathesis
Foals, caves, lambs: white muscle disease
Equine nutritional muscle dystrophy
Swine VESD: vitamin E selenium deficiency syndrome
- Hepatic necrosis, esophageal-gastric ulcer and multberry heart
73
selenium
| toxicity
```
Vitamin E + se supplements
Se accumulating plants – astragallus sp.
Acute:
- Eq: blind staggers – ataxia, dyspnoe
- Ov: garlic odor of expired air
Chronic: “alkali disease”
- Eq: cracked hooves, hair, tail loss + liver and renal degeneration, lameness
```
74
selenium
| where is it found
Forages and grains
75
selenium
| control of supply
Hair
| Enzyme activity glutathione peroxidase
76
sulfur
| biological function
1. Minor constituent of fats, body fluids, skeletal minerals
2. Key component in most proteins - contained in the amino acids methionine and cysteine
3. Enzyme cofactor
77
sulfur
| daily requirements
Cattle: 0,20 of DM
- Dairy: S:N ratio 1:10
- Beef: S:N ratio 1:15
- Sheep: S:N ratio 1:7
78
sulfur
| deficiency
Deficiency: hair and wool
79
sulfur
| toxicity
Toxicity:
- Ammonium sulphate neurological signs
- Brassica species containing s-dimethyl sulfoxide haemolytic anemia
80
sulfur
| where is it found
Forages and grains
81
sulfur
| control of supply
Excretion: renal
82
zinc
| biological function
1. 80 diff zinc-metalloenzymes (carboxypeptidase, liver-alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase)
2. 20 enzymes activated by zinc
3. Transport of vitamin A is dependent on zinc, zn defA def
83
zinc
| daily requirements
40-80 mg/kg DM
84
zinc
| deficiency
```
Parakeratosis: swine and certain ruminants
Problem in reproductive function
Decreased taste, decreased VDMI
Chronic disease cause deficiency
Canine parakeratosis:
```
85
zinc
| canine parakeratois
- Cereal grain- high phytate, low free fatty acid
- Generic malabsorption in northern breeds
- Lethal acrodermatitis in bull terrier
86
zinc
| overdose
Decreased copper, secondary Fe deficiency
87
zinc
| where is it found
legumes
88
zinc
| control of supply
faeces
| hair
