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Nutrition 2020 > vitamins > Flashcards

vitamins Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Carotinoids and A,D,E,K

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2
Q

what are the physiological function of beta carotene?

A
  1. Protect biomembrane
  2. Synthesis of progesterone (cattle, deer)
  3. Immune stimulant
  4. Anti cancer
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3
Q

What are the daily requirments of beta carotene of dairy cows?

A

Dairy cow: 300-600 mg/day

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4
Q

Which deficiency do you get if you lack beta carotene?

A

Troubles of the ovulation/ovarial function (low LH) – cattle only

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5
Q

Where is beta carotene found?

A 
Lutein (grass, alfalfa)
Zeaxanthin (corn) 
Apocarotine (orange)
Canthaxanthin (chanterelle)
Capsantin (paprika)
Violaxanthin (crab)
Licopin (tomato)
Echinenone (sea star)
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6
Q

control of supply of beta carotene:

A

Feed analysis

Color of serum: 5,6 mmol/l

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7
Q

Physiological functions of vitamin A:

A
  1. Maintenance of normal epithelial cell proliferation
  2. Mucous formation (glycoproteins)
  3. Chondroitin sulphate synthesis
  4. Increase number of receptors of growth factors on cells
  5. Steroid synthesis
  6. Increase lymphocytes
  7. Antioxidant effect
  8. Role in nigh vision
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8
Q

Deficiency of vitamin A causes:

A

Papilloedema, bindness – caused by increased CSF pressure – calf
Blindness – night blindness – rhodopsin
Malformation with hydrocephalus, hernia menisci – piglet
Keratomalacia: keratinization of oesophageal mucosa, accumulation of dead cells around gland duct, increased risk of infections – chicken
Visceral gout with urate crystals
Xerophthalmia
Osteomalacia
Deficiency in turtles

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9
Q

Where do you find vitamin A?

A

Liver, egg, cod liver oil – retiny ester

Carrot, turnip, alfalfa – beta carotene

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10
Q

Physiological function of vitamin D:

A
  1. Ca-P metabolism
  2. Increase transcription of calcium binding protein (CaBP)
  3. Increase in mineralization of bones in younger animals
  4. Demineralization of bone in older animal – PTH like activity
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11
Q

Daily requirements of vit D:

A

Cow: 500-1000 IU/day
Monogastric: 1000-3000 IU/day

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12
Q

Deficiency of vit D cause:

A

Rachitis – young – rickets
Osteomalatia – adult
Milk fever – cow
Poor egg formation

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13
Q

Overdose of vit D cause:

A

calciphylaxis

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14
Q

Where do you find Vit D:

A

Plant origin, alfalfa – ergocalciferol

Egg, milk - cholecalciferol

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15
Q

Control of supply of vit D:

A 
Ca-P of feed
Alkaline phosphatase of blood plasma: 
-	increase if deficiency
-	decrease if overdose or normal level 
Ratio of active/inactive D3 in serum: show good or poor supply
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16
Q

Physiological function of vit E

A
  1. Antioxidant
  2. Avoid myodegeneration
  3. Immunostimulant
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17
Q

Daily requirments of vit E

A

Cow: 150-300 mg/day
Monogastric: 10-40 mg/kg feed

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18
Q

Deficiency of vit E cause :

A

Encephalomalacia – crazy chicken disease
- (cerebellum hyperplasia and edema)
Exudative diasthesis
VESD: vitamin E selenium deficiency syndrome
- (multberry heart disease) – swine
PSE – pale soft exudative
White muscle disease: zenker necrosis/ myodegeneration
- (hind quarter muscles)
Cardiomyopathy – Calf
Yellow fat disease – pansteatitis – cat, mink

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19
Q

Where is vit e found?

A

Plant origin: wheat germ oil

Animal origin: egg, butter, milk, meat

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20
Q

Control of supply, vit E:

A

Concentration in blood
Activity of SOD (automatic antioxidant)
Remove toxic O2
-High SOD = low vitamin E

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21
Q

Physological function of vit K:

A
  1. Anti- haemorrhagic

2. Blood clotting factor

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22
Q

Daily requirments of vit K:

A

Daily supply is necessary!!

2-10 mg/kg feed

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23
Q

Deficiency of vit K:

A

Anemia
Haemorrhage – petechia formation
Bleeding of the placenta in pregnant and lactating rabbits

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24
Q

Antivitamins of vit K

A

Dicoumarol poisoning – mellilotus officinalis (mouldy)

Coumarin /Warfarin – rat poison

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25
Where do you find vit K?
Green forages and microbes - K1: phylloquinone (plant): alfalfa, chesnut leaves - K2: microbial source
26
Control of supply, vit K:
Blood clotting time
27
What are the water soluble vitamins?
B,C
28
What are the name of B1?
Thiamine
29
Physiological function of B1:
1. Aids in the function of the heart, cardiovascular system, brain and nervous system(production of nerve impulses and acetylcholine from AcCoA) 2. Co-factor enzymes
30
Daily requirments of vit B1?
Monogastric: 1-3 mg/kg feed Calf: 1-4 mg/kg feed Cow: can synthesize on their own
31
Deficiency of B1 cause:
CCN: cerebrocortical necrosis, polyneuritis, opsthotonos - Calves, lambs General weakness, cyanosis, polyneuritis – chicken Polyneuritis: tail in equines/horse Chasteks paralysis – feeding raw fish in fox, mink Beri-beri disease: two types - Wet: edema, cardiac damage, bradycardia - Dry: neuromuscular damage, weakness
32
Where do you find vit B1?
Brand, germ of cereal | Yeast, egg yolk, milk, meat
33
What is the name of B2?
Riboflavin
34
physiological function of B2:
Cofactor of enzymes – FAD, FMN - Respiratory chain - Glutathione reductase - Fat synthesis
35
Daily requirments of B2?
4-10 mg/kg feed | Rumen microbes can synthesize
36
Deficiency of vit B2:
Curled toe disease: broiler chickens - Degeneration of the myelin sheath on peripheral nerves High embryo mortality – in clubbed down conditions Dry, desquamative dermatitis on whole body of pig Slow growth
37
Where is vit B2 found?
Vegetables | Yeast, milk, egg, meat, liver
38
Control of supply B2:
Glutathione – reductase on erythrocytes
39
Another name of vit B3:
Niacin, nicotinic acid
40
Physiological function of B3:
NAD, NADP cofactors to enzymes | Hydrogen ion acceptor
41
Daily requirments of B3:
Monogastric: 15-80 mg/kg feed Cow: 1-6 g/cow/day
42
Deficiency of B3:
Human: pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia Dry, localized dermatitis in axillary region – chicken Coarse hair on ears, neck and back – pig Diarrhea Slow growth Black tounge disease in dogs
43
Where do you find B3?
Animal: meat, liver (small amount in egg, milk) Plant: legumes, peanut, wheat germ, yeast
44
Another name of B5:
Panthotenic acid
45
Physiological function of vit B5:
``` Acetylcholine synthesis Detoxification (acetyl group) HSCoA uptake and release Heme synthesis Role in ketolysis Role in ketogenesis ```
46
Daily requirment of vit B5:
6-20 mg/kg feed
47
Deficiency of B5:
``` Descendent dermatitis – poultry Goose stepping – pigs Hair color loss – rat Slow growth Anemia Pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea – poultry ```
48
Where is B5 found?
Animal tissue, yolk, yeasts | Green plants
49
Control of supply, B5:
CoA level in RBC and hepatocytes
50
Another name of B6
Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal
51
Physiological function of B6:
Co factor for PALP Synthesis of haemoglobin Protein and amino acid turnover
52
Daily requirments of B6:
2-8 mg/kg feed
53
Deficiency of B6 cause:
``` Exudative dermatitis – pig - Conjunctivitis - Secondary infections Ascites – dog Eyelid oedema – poultry Rough, colorless, deficient plumage - poultry ```
54
Where do you find B6?
Yeast, egg yolk, liver, meat, cereals
55
Control of supply, B6:
Liver enzymes: AST, ALT (transamination)
56
Another name of B12:
Cyanocobalamin
57
Physiological function of B12:
Co factor DA cobalamin | Nucleic acid synthesis (together with folic acid B9)
58
Daily requirments of B12:
10-15 ug/kg | Ruminants: 300ug/kg
59
Deficiency of B12 cause:
Anemia Slow growth, dishevelled coat Aspecific syndromes
60
Where is B12 found:
Animal origin: liver, egg yolk, kidney | Microbes: can synthesize, need cobalt?
61
Control of supply, B12:
Blood B12 levels | Urinary methyl-malonyl excretion
62
Another name of Vit C:
ascorbic acid
63
Daily requirments of Vit C:
Guinea pig: 5 mg/kg LW/day Fish: 500 mg/kg feed Poultry: 100-200 mg/kg feed
64
Physiological function of vit C
``` Bone and cartilage Conjunctive tissue, gums development Antioxidant Bile acid synthesis Steroid hormone synthesis Heme synthesis ```
65
Deficiency of vit C causes:
``` Scurvey Stress Anemia Trouble with bone development - lack of ossification - shortening of tibia, - prone position Muscle atrophy in guinea pigs ```
66
Where is vit C found?
Fresh fruit Vegetables: potato, carrot Alfalfa, grass Some animal products
67
Control of supply vit C;
Absorbed by active transport in human and guinea pigs | Passive transport in other animals
68
Another name of vit B7?
Vit H or biotin
69
physiological function of biotin:
Co factor in GNG Co factor in FatA synthesis Skin protection Hair and hoof
70
Daily requirments of biotin:
50-500 g/kg feed
71
Deficiency of biotin cause:
Ascending dermatitis / ulcerative – poultry Slow growth and dermatitis – rat Perosis: enlargement of hock with lateral distortion – turkey - slipping of the tendon Sneaker sow syndrome – pig - ragged sole, encrusting dermatitis on the head alopecia and dermatitis – cat, mink fatty liver and kidney disease
72
Antivitamin of biotin:
Avidin in raw egg white – form non absorbable complex | Rancid feed – depigmentation in foxes
73
Where can you find biotin?
Vegetables, fruits, rice bran Milk, yeast, egg yolk, liver Mushroom
74
Control of supply, biotin:
Blood pyruvate carboxylase
75
Other vitmins or vitamin like substances:
``` Choline, PUFA L-karnithine Taurine PQQ ```
76
Physiological function of choline:
Lipotropic agent: prevent deposition in the liver Precursor of lechitin + sphingomyelin synthesis Methyl donor in chemical reactions = lipotrop activity Acethylcholine synthesis
77
Daily requirments of choline:
Monogastric: 200-1200 mg/kg feed
78
Deficiency of choline causes:
FLHS: fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome – laying hen Haemorrhagic kidney degeneration Less acetylcholine Slow growth
79
Where do you find choline?
High amount in yeasts, fish meal, soy bean | Lower in cereal
80
What does PUFA stand for?
polyunsaturated fatty acids
81
Give some PUFA or omega 3 and 6 fatty acids:
- Oleic 18:1, linoleic 18:2, linolenic 18:3 - Arachidonic acid 20:4 - EPA- eicosa pentaenic acid 20:5 - DHA – docosa hexaenic acid 22:6
82
Deficiency of PUFA causes:
Dry dermatitis Seborrhea Athero-sclerosis 1 and 2
83
Physiological function of L-karnithine:
Cofactor for palmitoyl transferase enzyme - Carrying ling FA chains through mitochondrial membrane for beta oxidation Improve the body condition: fat burner
84
Deficiency of L-Karnithine causes:
``` Retarded growth (mealworm) Prone to fatty liver – human, dairy cow ```
85
Taurine is only for one specific animal, which ?
Dopus
86
Deficiency of taurine causes:
``` Retinal degenaeration Poor growth Poor reproductive performance – queen Cardiomyopathy Low birth weights Compromised immune function ```
87
where is taurine found?
Oysters
88
What does PQQ stand for?
– pirrolo Quinolin quinon - The youngest vitamin - Vitamin B(ed)
89
Deficiency of PQQ causes:
Dermatitis – mice | Reproductive troubles – mice
90
Where can you find PQQ?
Green tea Green pepper Papaya

Nutrition 2020 (11 decks)

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