Minerals and Electrolytes

Question 1

What are the seven major minerals?

Answer 1

Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Chloride
Sulfur

Question 2

What are the ten trace elements?

Answer 2

Iron
Iodine
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Chromium
Cobalt
Selenium
Molybdenum
Fluoride

Question 3

Electrically charged minerals that cause physiological reactions that maintain homeostasis

Answer 3

Electrolytes

Question 4

Maintains fluid volume
Allows muscle contractions
CV support

Answer 4

Sodium (Na)

Question 5

Major sources of sodium

Answer 5

Table salt
added salts
Processed foods
Butter

Question 6

Sx of sodium deficiency

Answer 6

Muscle cramping

Cardiac changes

Question 7

Sx of sodium excess

Answer 7

Fluid retention
Hypertension
CVA

Question 8

Nursing implications for sodium

Answer 8

Monitor ECG, edema, and BP

Question 9

Maintains fluid volume inside/outside cells
Muscle action
BP
CV support

Answer 9

Potassium (K)

Question 10

Major sources of potassium

Answer 10

Oranges
Dried fruits
Tomatoes
Avocadoes
Dried peas
Meats
Broccoli
Bananas

Question 11

Sx of potassium deficiency

Answer 11

Dysrhythmias
Muscle cramps
Confusion

Question 12

Symptoms of potassium excess

Answer 12

Dysrhythmias r/t supplements, K-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, inadequate kidney function, diabetes

Question 13

Nursing implications for potassium

Answer 13

Monitor ECG and muscle tone
PO tablets irritate the GI system
Give with meals

Question 14

Bonds to other minerals (esp sodium) to facilitate cellular actions and reactions, fluid balance

Answer 14

Chloride (Cl)

Question 15

Major sources of chloride

Answer 15

Table salt

Question 16

Sx of excess of chloride

Answer 16

High BP

Question 17

Nursing implications for chloride

Answer 17

Monitor sodium levels

Question 18

Bones/teeth
CV support
Blood clotting
Nerve transmission

Answer 18

Calcium (Ca)

Question 19

Major sources of calcium

Answer 19

Dairy
Broccoli
Kale
Grains
Egg yolks

Question 20

Sx of calcium deficiency

Answer 20

Osteoporosis
Tetany
Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs
ECG changes

Question 21

Sx of calcium excess

Answer 21

Constipation

Kidney stones

Question 22

Nursing implications for calcium

Answer 22

Monitor ECG and muscle tone

Give PO tablets with vitamin D

Question 23

Bone nourishment
Catalyst for many enzyme reactions
Nerve/muscle function
CV support

Answer 23

Magnesium (Mg)

Question 24

Major sources of magnesium

Answer 24

Green leafy vegetables
Nuts
Grains
Meat
Milk

Question 25

Sx of magnesium deficiency

Answer 25

``` Weakness Dysrhythmias Tetany Seizure Reduced blood clotting Eclampsia ```

Question 26

Sx of magnesium excess

Answer 26

Diarrhea Kidney stones Decreased muscle control CV changes

Question 27

Nursing implications for magnesium

Answer 27

Incompatible with some antibiotics | Give PO, 2 hr apart

Question 28

Energy transfer of RNA/DNA Acid-base imbalance Bone and teeth formation

Answer 28

Phosphorus (P)

Question 29

Major sources of phosphorus

Answer 29

``` Dairy Peas Soft drinks Meat Eggs Some grains ```

Question 30

Sx of phosphorus deficiency

Answer 30

Calcium level changes | Muscle weakness

Question 31

Sx of phosphorus excess

Answer 31

Skeletal porosity Decreased calcium levels Must stay in balance with calcium

Question 32

Nursing implications of phosphorus

Answer 32

Evaluate use of antacids and the use of alcohol

Question 33

A component of vitamin structure | By-product of protein metabolism

Answer 33

Sulfur (S)

Question 34

Major sources of sulfur

Answer 34

Dried fruits (dates, raisins, apples) Meats Red and white wines

Question 35

Sx of sulfur deficiency

Answer 35

Only seen in severe protein malnourishment, found in all protein-containing foods

Question 36

Sx of sulfur excess

Answer 36

Toxicity has a very low risk

Question 37

Nursing implications for sulfur

Answer 37

Sulfur levels are not usually monitored

Question 38

Used for synthesis of thyroxine (thyroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism)

Answer 38

Iodine

Question 39

When iodine is lacking, the thyroid gland enlarges into a

Answer 39

Goiter

Question 40

Provides a good amount of iodine

Answer 40

Seafood

Question 41

Recommended daily amount of iodine a day is

Answer 41

100 - 150 mcg for adults

Question 42

Responsible for hemoglobin formation/function, cellular oxidation of glucose, antibody production, and collagen synthesis. The body scavenges this from dying RBC and stores it for later use.

Answer 42

Iron

Question 43

Iron supplements may cause

Answer 43

Constipation N/v Diarrhea Teeth discoloration (liquid form)

Question 44

Teaching with iron supplements

Answer 44

Take with food to avert GI symptoms Encourage fresh fruits, vegetables, and high-fiber diet Unneeded supplements can become toxic

Question 45

How do you administer IM iron?

Answer 45

Z-track method

Question 46

Food sources of iron

Answer 46

Organ meats Egg yolks Whole grains Green leafy vegetables

Question 47

What vitamin increases absorption of iron?

Answer 47

Vitamin C

Question 48

When is the greatest need for iron?

Answer 48

Newborn that is not breastfed | Females during menstruating years

Question 49

Forms a bond with calcium and thus accumulates in calcified body tissue (bones and teeth)

Answer 49

Fluoride

Question 50

Teaching with fluoride

Answer 50

Teach pts who prefer bottled water that they may need fluoride treatments from their dentist

Question 51

Minimum daily amount of water needed is

Answer 51

1500 mL

Question 52

Greatest elimination of water is through

Answer 52

the kidneys