MINERALS AND ROCKS

Question 1

is a solid chemical compound with a well-defined chemical composition and specific crystal structure that occurs naturally.

Answer 1

Minerals

Question 2

PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

Answer 2

Luster
Hardness
Color and streak
Crystal form/habit
Cleavage
Fracture
Specific Gravity

Question 3

Is the quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral.

Answer 3

Luster

Question 4

generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine similar to a polished metal.

Answer 4

metallic

Question 5

vitreous(glassy),Adamantine (brilliant/diamond)resinous,silky,pearly,dull (earth)greasy etc.

Answer 5

non-metallic

Question 6

It is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion.

Answer 6

Hardness

Question 7

The color of a mineral is the first thing most people notice but it can also be the least useful in identifying a mineral.

Answer 7

Color and streak

Question 8

crystal habit is an external shape displayed by an individual crystal.

Answer 8

Crystal form/habit

Question 9

a mineral’s tendency to break along flat, even surfaces called cleavage planes

Answer 9

Cleavage

Question 10

some minerals may not have cleavages but exhibit broken surfaces that are irregular and non planar.

Answer 10

Fracture

Question 11

it is the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water.

Answer 11

Specific Gravity

Question 12

MINERAL GROUPS

Answer 12

Silicates
Oxides
Sulfates
Sulfides
Carbonates

Question 13

minerals containing 2 of the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust,silicon,and oxygen.

Answer 13

Silicates

Question 14

minerals containing oxygen anion combined with one or more metal ions.

Answer 14

Oxides

Question 15

minerals containing sulfur and oxygen anion combined with other ions.

Answer 15

Sulfates

Question 16

minerals containing sulfur anion combined with one or more ions.

Answer 16

Sulfides

Question 17

minerals containing the carbonate anion combined with other elements.

Answer 17

Carbonates

Question 18

NATIVE ELEMENTS

Answer 18

Metals and inter-metals
Semi-Metals
Non-Metals
Halides

Question 19

minerals with high thermal and electrical conductivity,typically with metalic luster,low hardness.

Answer 19

Metals and inter-metals

Question 20

minerals that are more fragile than metals and have lower conductivity.

Answer 20

Semi-Metals

Question 21

noncunductive

Answer 21

Non-Metals

Question 22

minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more elements.

Answer 22

Halides

Question 23

is a hard mass of material came from the collection of common aggregate of grains of one or more minerals.

Answer 23

Rock

Question 24

TYPES OF ROCKS

Answer 24

A. Igneous Rocks
B. Sedimentary Rocks
C. Metamorphic rocks

Question 25

formed from a molyen rock called magma which found below’s earth’s surface.

Answer 25

Igneous Rocks

Question 26

derived from sediment which is loose accumulation of unconsolidated fragments.

Answer 26

Sedimentary Rocks

Question 27

most commonly crushed for use as an aggregate in construction projects

Answer 27

Basalt

Question 28

was used to make knives,arrowhead,spear points,scrapers and many other weapons.

Answer 28

Obsidian

Question 29

dimension stone is used in buildings,bridges,paving,monuments and many other exterior projects.

Answer 29

Granite

Question 30

it is also used when construction industry for making paving blocks.

Answer 30

Diorite

Question 31

one of the most common process of lithification

Answer 31

Compaction process

Question 32

A fine grained sedimentary rock,formed through compaction.

Answer 32

Shale

Question 33

the process by which sediments combine to form sedimentary rocks.

Answer 33

Lithification

Question 34

Formed below the surface of the earth through the process of metamorphism with the recrystallization of minerals in rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature conditions - contact and regional metamorphism.

Answer 34

Metamorphic Rocks

Question 35

The recycling of minerals - illustrates how geologic processes occurring both underneath and on the Earth’s surface can change a rock from one type to another.

Answer 35

The Rock Cycle

Question 36

THE ROCK CYCLE

Answer 36

Weathering Physical                       Chemical Biological Erosion and Transport Deposition of Sediment Burial and Compaction Crystallization of Magma Melting Uplift Deformation and Metamorphism

Question 37

It is a process of breaking down rocks into smaller and smaller particles without any transporting agents at play.

Answer 37

Weathering

Question 38

Mainly change of temperature rapidly or at extreme levels causes weathering. It happens when rocks freeze and thaw

Answer 38

Physical

Question 39

Usually occurs with rainwater trying to react with the rock minerals and create other minerals or chemical compounds. Usually happens in damp and warm places since reactions take place at higher temperatures.

Answer 39

Chemical

Question 40

3 MAJOR CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Answer 40

* Hydrolysis- Acidic reaction, soluble salt, and clay formation. * Oxidation- Formation of rocks rich in iron in the presence of oxygen. * Solution- CO2 in the presence of rainwater can dissolve limestones to give new stones.

Question 41

contributes to rock breakdown through boreholes, pressure cracking, building houses, and releasing acid for nutrient extraction.

Answer 41

Biological

Question 42

is the natural process of breaking down rocks into sand-like particles. It is the presence of agents like water and wind.

Answer 42

Erosion and Transport

Question 43

is the constant deposition or settling down of small particles of sand, pebbles, etc. that is broken down from rocks.

Answer 43

Deposition of Sediment

Question 44

where sand particles sediment, creating layers and being covered by new ones, causing pressure on the sedimented layers and forming solid rocks with minerals.

Answer 44

Burial and Compaction

Question 45

a dormant lava in volcanoes that crystallizes under pressure and temperature due to Earth's core heat.

Answer 45

Magma

Question 46

the process by which magma cools and turns into solid igneous rock

Answer 46

Magma Crystalization

Question 47

occurs when rocks reach the earth's bottom, increasing temperature and pressure, forming lava.

Answer 47

Melting

Question 48

The process of forming a crust of earth upwards due to natural forces causing movements in the tectonic plates

Answer 48

Uplift

Question 49

occurs when sedimentary and igneous rocks undergo constant pressure and sudden movements, leading to folds, fissures, and the formation of metamorphic rocks.

Answer 49

Deformation and Metamorphism

Question 50

is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock formed as rock strata called coal steams.

Answer 50

Coal

Question 51

TYPES OF COAL

Answer 51

Anthracite Bituminous Coal Lignite Peat Petroleum Natural Gas Oil and diesel

Question 52

- is 86% to 98% pure it is still used to heat homes.

Answer 52

Anthracite

Question 53

- contains 70 to 86% carbon and 46 to 31% votaline matter.

Answer 53

Bituminous

Question 54

consists of partially decomposed vegetation.

Answer 54

Peat

Question 55

- 65 to 70% carbon and 63 to 53% volatile matter.

Answer 55

Lignite

Question 56

it is a clear,only liquid usually green or black in color.

Answer 56

Petroleum

Question 57

- it is a clean and non-toxic fuel.

Answer 57

Natural Gas

Question 58

- diesel is any liquid fuel specifically designed for used in diesel engine.

Answer 58

Oil and Diesel