Minerals: Iodine/ Copper

Question 1

Copper recommedation

Answer 1

RNI 1.2mg/day

Question 2

Copper food source

Answer 2

seafood/ legumes/ nuts/ liver

Question 3

Copper deficiency

Answer 3

Menkes disease

• X linked genetic disorder (1: 300,000)
• Inability to transport copper around body
• Severe neurological impairment
• Wiry hair
• Connective tissue disorder
• Early mortality

Question 4

Copper toxicity

Answer 4

Wilson’s disease
- autosomal recessive disorder (1:30,000)
- Defective copper transport
- Accumulate in liver, brain
–> Liver disease / motor impairment / psychosis/ Kayser Fleischer rings
Zinc therapy

Question 5

Copper absorption

Answer 5

50- 75% absorbed

Antagonistic effects with other metals: Zinc, Iron, molybdenum

Question 6

Copper transport by

Answer 6

Albumin (5%) & ceruloplasmin (95%)

Question 7

Copper excretion by

Answer 7

mostly by break down by bile and excrete with faeces

~ 70ug/d via urine

Question 8

Copper contain enzyme

Answer 8

• Cytochrome C oxidase
• Ceruloplasmin
• Hepaestin
• Superoxide dismutase
• Metallothionein
• Tyrosinase

Question 9

Cytochrome C oxidase is involed in

Answer 9

• Electron transport chain

Question 10

Ceruloplasmin involved in

Answer 10

Copper transport protein

Redox reactions

Question 11

Hephaestin is involed in

Answer 11

Iron transporter

Question 12

Superocide dismutase is involed in

Answer 12

Antioxidant

Question 13

Metallothionein is involed in

Answer 13

epithelial sequestering of metals

Question 14

Tyrosin is involed in

Answer 14

Melanin synthesis, Albinoism

Question 15

NOAEL

Answer 15

No observed adverse effect level

Question 16

LOAEL

Answer 16

Lowest observed adverse effect level

Question 17

Iodine recommended level

Answer 17

RNI 140ug/d

Question 18

Iodine deficiency disease

Answer 18

Goitre , Cretinism

Question 19

Iodine toxicity disease

Answer 19

Hyperthyroidism

Question 20

Thyroid hormone

Answer 20

T3 - tri_iodo_thyronine [active form]

T4- Thyroxine [inactive form]

Question 21

Thyroid hormone production

Answer 21

Hypothalamus sends Thyroid releasing hormone to pituitary

Pituitary sends Thyroid stimulating hormone to thyroid

At thyroid, TSH activated enzyme Thyroid Peroxidase to create T3 (7%) for immediate use by cells / T4 (93%); 60% is converted to T3 in liver & small amount converted to T3 in peripheral tissues

–>Then 20% T4 convert to Reverse T3 and excerted from body ; 20% T4 into inactive form T3S & T3AC –> and converted to T3 by bacteria in GI tract

Question 22

Roles of thyroxine (T4)

Answer 22

• Regulation of metabolism

- Growth and development

Question 23

Thyroxine disorder

Answer 23

Hypothyroidism - insufficient activity

• slowed metabolism
• cold intolerance
• Lethargy

Hyperthyroidism

• Increased metabolism
• Fidgety
• Weight loss
• Bulging eyes

Question 24

Iodine deficiency at fetus stage

Answer 24

Abortion 
still born 
congenital abnormality 
increased infant mortality 
neurological cretinism
myxoedamatous cretinism

Question 25

Iodine deficiency at new born stage

Answer 25

Neonatal hypothyroidism

Question 26

Iodine deficiency at child stage

Answer 26

Mental and physical retardation

Question 27

Iodine deficiency at adult stage

Answer 27

Goitre Hypothyroidism Reactive hyperthyroidism

Question 28

Iodine deficiency in world

Answer 28

EU > Mediterranean > Africa > SE Asia > US

Question 29

iodine deficiency tactics

Answer 29

Iodisation of salt - switzerland, UN Iodised oil injections- China and South Africa

Question 30

Goitrogen

Answer 30

suppress the function of the thyroid gland Iso_flavones [from soy] interfer the synthesis thyroglobin send out from cell to thyroid Iso_thio_cyanates [ from cassava & cabbage] interfer the Iodine uptake from blood Polyphenols from variety of plant foods

Question 31

Milk as an Iodine source found less in conventional milk than organic milk T/ F

Answer 31

False | less in organic than conventional

Question 32

Iodine toxicity

Answer 32

Reactive hyperthyroidism - Rapid heart rate - Trembling - Excessive sweating - Lack of sleep Skin conditions - Acne outbreaks