Minerals (Macro and Micro) Flashcards by Karl Sancio

Functions:
• Structural material for bone
and teeth
• Transmission of nerve
impulses
• Muscle contraction
• Necessary for blood clotting
• Controls permeability of cells

Calcium

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Functions:
• Formation of teeth and bone.
• Blood buffering.
• Carbohydrate metabolism (hexose
and triose-phosphates or as
inorganic phosphates)
• Component of phospholipid, nucleic
acids and nucleotides.
• Transfer of energy in muscular
contraction (AMP, ADP, ATP -
provide available energy to
muscles).

Phosphorus

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Functions:
• as an electrolyte and in water
balance; found as an intracellular
ion.
• Along with magnesium, it is an
activator for the metabolic enzyme
pyruvic kinase.
• In muscle contraction and
transmission of nerve impulses
• Along with magnesium, potassium
is used to activate choline acetylase
in resynthesis with acetylcholine

Potassium

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Functions:
• Osmotic pressure regulation
• Basic element in regulating
neutrality of blood
• Promotes feed consumption
• Control of water metabolism
• Transmission of nerve impulses

Sodium

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Functions:
• With sodium, involved in
regulation of osmotic pressure
and acid base balance
• Chief anion in gastric juice
• Chloride shift - important in the
carriage of CO2
in the blood
• Major electrolyte in controlling
the solubility of proteins such as
globulin

Chlorine

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Required for bone formation
• Activation of enzymes concerned
in carbohydrate metabolism. In
extracellular fluids, it
complements with calcium for
formation of choline esterase and
function in muscle contraction

Magnesium

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Functions:
• Component of chondroitin
sulfate which with protein is the
cement substance of bone and
cartilage - the requirement is
rather large
• Component of methionine,
cystine and cysteine
• Biotin and thiamine contain
sulfur

Sulfur

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Functions:
• Part of the molecule of vitamin
B12.
• Activator of peptidases (enzyme
for protein digestion)

Cobalt

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Functions:
• Necessary for the formation of
thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine)
• Necessary for the proper
development of the thyroid gland
in developing fetus

Iodine

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Functions:
• Functions in many enzyme
systems such as bone
phosphatase and decarboxylase
• Activator for some peptidases,
muscle ATPase, arginase and
choline esterase

Manganese

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Functions:
• Has a wide role in many enzyme
systems such as carbonic
anhydrase in red cells,
carboxypeptidase in the
pancreas, alcohol and glutamic
dehydrogenase in the pancreas
and liver and lactic
dehydrogenase in the muscles
• Constituent of insulin

Zinc

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Functions:
• Levels of 1.0-1.5 ppm are
considered helpful for development
of teeth and bone with lowest
incidence of dental caries.
• The beneficial effect of —— in
preventing dental caries is
attributed to the inhibition of acid-
forming enzymes or in making
enamel more resistant to bacterial
attack.

Fluorine

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Functions:
• Assists in preventing muscular
dystrophy
• Curing some symptoms of
exudative diathesis in chicks.
• Component of the enzyme
glutathione peroxidase.

Selenium

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Functions:
• Component of hemoglobin and
myoglobin
• Component of many enzymes
especially those acting in transfer
of hydrogen or electrons such as
cytochromes, cytochrome
oxidase, some flavoproteins and
xanthine oxidase

Iron

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Functions:
• ——- is essential for hemoglobin formation
• Function in some of the enzyme
systems.
• Prosthetic group of the respiratory
pigments – hemocyanins - for
marine forms of life.
• Component of plants and animal
enzymes and proteins such as the
flavo-proteins involved in electron
transfer.

Copper

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Functions:
• Component of some enzyme
systems (e.g. phosphate
metabolism)

Molybdenum

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Functions:
• Involved in glucose metabolism; enhances action of insulin

Chromium

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Functions:
• Glucose metabolism; factor for the activity of dehydrogenases,
transaminases and alpha-amylase

Nickel

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Functions:
• Lymphocyte activation
• Glucose metabolism (increase insulin sensitivity)
• Amino acid metabolism
• Calcium influx associated with the beat to beat control of the force of
contraction in atria.
• Body enzymes - activation of adenylate cyclase.

Vanadium (V)

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Functions:
• Involved in bone and cartilage formation; collagen and
glycosaminoglycan formation.

Silicon

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Deficiency symptoms:
• Tetany and milk fever
• Rickets
• Osteomalacia

Calcium

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Deficiency symptoms:
• With Ca, it is involved in
rickets, osteomalacia
• Depraved appetite - bone and
wood chewing
• Poor feed utilization
• Low feed consumption
• Emaciation
• Reproductive failures and less
production

Phosphorus

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Deficiency symptoms:
• Difficult to describe, other
than effects on growth rate
and production of spasms or
tetany experimentally.

Potassium

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Deficiency symptoms:
• Retarded growth, loss in weight,
appetite, rough coat, dull eyes
• Reproductive failures
• Decreased protein and energy
utilization
• Cannibalism in hens
• Reduce urine excretion and
plasma volume; increased blood
viscosity, peripheral circulation
collapse
• Craving for salt indicated by
licking wood, eating soil or sweat

Sodium

Deficiency symptoms: • Abdominal cramps • Weakness • Rapid weight loss • Cardiovascular disturbances • Cerebral edema which causes mental confusion and collapse of circulatory function

Chlorine

Deficiency symptoms: • Grass tetany or grass staggers; head retraction • Reddening of the skin • Loosening of teeth and changes in gums

Magnesium

Deficiency symptoms: • Poor appetite • Loss of wool • Lacrimation • Salivation • Weakness • Emaciation

Sulfur

Deficiency symptoms: • Loss of appetite • Propionic acid accumulation due to lack of vitamin B12. • Reduced production • Dry, harsh and lusterless coat • Pale mucus membranes • Rapid pulse and breathing upon exercise • Constipation in some cases and diarrhea in others • General emaciation • Anemia

Cobalt

Deficiency symptoms: • Enlarged thyroid gland • Slowing of metabolism, development and maturation of all tissues is affected • Development of hair, fur and feathers is decreased. • Abnormal fetal development and may result in stillborn (dead at birth) that are hairless • Reproduction performance in adults is affected by degeneration of testis or lack of sperm production. Fetus may be resorbed. • The production of eggs is reduced with low hatchability.

Iodine

Deficiency symptoms: • Affects reproduction by delayed sexual maturity, irregular ovulation, young born weak or dead with little milk production in the dam • Is a factor in the slipped tendon syndrome noted in young chicks in which the hock joint swells and tendon slips from the groove pulling the leg to one side. • Bone defects have been noted in other animals as well, resulting in crooked and poorly deformed limbs, knuckled-over shoulders

Manganese

Deficiency symptoms: • Poor growth of animal and of hair, wool or feathers • Alopecia or parakeratosis • Dermatitis • Thickening of hocks and bones • Sterility of males and testicular degeneration • Respiration may be abnormal • Appetite may be depressed or abnormal such as wool eating in sheep • Anemia

Zinc

Deficiency symptoms: • Excessive intakes are more of a concern than are deficiencies in livestock production because of its presence in high levels in the drinking water and forages of certain areas • If present in excess, teeth and bone become brittle.

Fluorine

Deficiency symptoms: • Similar to those of vit E deficiency • White muscle disease in lambs and calves • Retained placenta in cows • Heart failure • Paralysis • Poor growth • Low fertility • Liver necrosis • Pancreatic fibrosis

Selenium

Deficiency symptoms: • Nutritional anemia • Thumps in swine, heartbeat rapid, run-down condition with swelling and head, shoulders, wrinkled flabby skin. • Less cytochrome C, myoglobin, ferritin in tissues. • Pale mucus membranes, loss of pigment in feathers. • Poor disease resistance. • Cement disease - iron deficiency in pigs with no access to dirt.

Iron

Deficiency symptoms: • Steely string in sheep - characterized by loss of crimp and breaks in fleece, no elasticity. • Swayback disease - incoordination in locomotion, especially hindlegs. • Scours - complicated with excess molybdenum. • Sudden death - falling disease in Australia, calves appear to stand on toes, fibrosis of myocardia, less cytochrome oxidase. • Depigmentation of hair - no conversion of tyrosine to melanin

Copper

Deficiency symptoms: • Scours • Weight loss • Disturbed metabolism • Reproductive failure • Bone abnormalities

Molybdenum

Almost any compound fed in large excess can become ----- to animals.

Toxic

For some minerals the borderline between safety and toxicity is

very small.

Toxicity does not necessarily mean death but also mean

greatly reduced performance.

Certain mineral elements which may cause toxicity at relatively low levels include

copper, selenium, and fluoride

Minerals are divided into

Macrominerals and Microminerals

minerals needed in large amount; need for these minerals is expressed as percentage of the diet.

Macro minerals

minerals needed in small amount; need for these minerals is expressed as ppm (parts per million) or ppb (parts per billion)

Micro minerals

For a particular mineral to be regarded as essential, it must be demonstrated that the mineral 1. is an --------------- 2. plays a role in ---------------- 3. its removal from the diet -----------------------that could be reversed by the addition of the mineral in question

active part of the structure of the body some enzyme, hormone or other compounds may cause specific deficiency symptom

Minerals present in animals’ body without known function are called

adventitious minerals.

Minerals are the main constituents in the ---------------

ash fraction of a feed

The mere presence of a mineral in a feed or even in an animal carcass does not necessarily prove that such mineral is ---------.

essential

The chemical elements, excluding C, H, O and N (non-mineral elements) regarded as essential for the proper nutrition of animals are referred to as the ------------ ---------

inorganic or mineral elements

important in the carriage of CO2 in the blood

Chloride Shift

causes mental confusion and collapse of circulatory function

Cerebral Edema

accumulation due to lack of vitamin B12.

Propionic Acid

iron deficiency in pigs with no access to dirt

Cement Disease

- characterized by loss of crimp and breaks in fleece, no elasticity.

Steely string in sheep

incoordination in locomotion, especially hindlegs.

Swayback disease

complicated with excess molybdenum.

Scours

falling disease in Australia, calves appear to stand on toes, fibrosis of myocardia, less cytochrome oxidase.

Sudden death

no conversion of tyrosine to melanin

Depigmentation of Hair

Prosthetic group of the respiratory pigments – - for marine forms of life.

Hemocyanins