Water Soluble Vitamins and Vitamin Like Substances

Question 1

Usually abundant in feeds.

Answer 1

Water Soluble Vitamins

Question 2

WSV Exist in nature in

Answer 2

Active form

Question 3

Usually readily ——–. Absorption not influenced by —.

Answer 3

absorbed; fat

Question 4

H—-, p—–, and s—— can destroy these vitamins.

Answer 4

Heat, pressure, and steam

Question 5

can destroy these Water Soluble vitamins.

Answer 5

Heat, pressure and steam

Question 6

will limit access of animals to these
vitamins.

Answer 6

Confinement system (housing)

Question 7

usually are able to synthesize all B vitamins.

Answer 7

Rumen bacteria

Question 8

Microorganism in the —– — ———are capable of synthesizing these vitamins but the amount is usually not enough to
meet their needs.

Answer 8

Ceca of Monogastric

Question 9

are seldom added to ruminants’ diet unless they have
been severely “off-fed” which results in massive death of rumen
microorganisms.

Answer 9

B vitamins

Question 10

Storage in the body is —— (except —) such that continuous
supply of the vitamins is needed.

Answer 10

minimal; B12

Question 11

Excesses are excreted via —– in WSV

Answer 11

urine

Question 12

Hypervitaminosis is —- in WSV.

Answer 12

Rare

Question 13

Water soluble vitamins are involved in ————— which function in the direct metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates and ————— throughout the body, transmission of nerve impulses and RBC formation.

Answer 13

enzyme systems; transfer of energy

Question 14

Considered to be the oldest vitamin.

Answer 14

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Question 15

Deficiency of this causes ———- in man which is earliest documented
deficiency disorder.

Answer 15

Vitamin B1 (thiamine); beri-beri

Question 16

• Functions: An essential coenzymes in energy metabolism especially in
the TCA for energy production; has important mechanism of action in
the nervous tissue

Answer 16

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Question 17

• Deficiency symptoms: polyneuritis (head retraction in chicken); cardiovascular disturbances; anorexia (lack of desire to eat) and
emaciation (insufficient energy utilization); polioencephalomalacia in
ruminants

Answer 17

Vit. B1 (thiamine)

Question 18

Sources of Vit. B1 (thiamine): ——————-, oilseed meals, dairy products and brewer’s yeast.

Answer 18

cereals and middlings

Question 19

Relatively Non-Toxic Hypervitaminosis:

Answer 19

Vit. B1, B5, B7 or H, B9, B12, and C

Question 20

Antagonists of Vit. B1 (thiamine):
• ———– (rumen microbes; fresh fish)
• ———– (coccidiostat)

Answer 20

Thiaminases; Amprolium

Question 21

• Functions: coenzyme, FMN (Flavin Mononucleotide) and FAD (Flavin
Dinucleotide); dehydrogenase (hydrogen acceptance) –

Answer 21

Vit. B2 (Riboflavin)

Question 22

Functions: constituent of NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) and NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) which act as hydrogen-transferring co-enzymes and participate in vital metabolic reactions (carbohydrates, fats and amino acids);

Answer 22

Vit. B3 (Niacin)

Question 23

Functions: constituent of co-enzyme A in synthesis and degradation
processes in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

Answer 23

Vit. B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Question 24

Functions: coenzyme, pyridoxal phosphate; amino acid decarboxylation, transamination and removal of sulfhydryl groups; participates in carbohydrate metabolism by participating in phosphorylation

Answer 24

Vit. B6 (Pyridoxine)

Question 25

Functions: prosthetic group of carboxylase enzymes in fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, propionic acid metabolism, and

Answer 25

Vit. B7 or H (Biotin)

Question 26

Functions: transfer of specific C1 units (methyl and formyl groups), which are

Answer 26

Vit. B9 (Folic Acid/Folates)

Question 27

biologically active form is tetrahydrofolic acid

Answer 27

Vit. B9 (Folic acid/Folates)

Question 28

Functions: production of phospholipids (e.g. lecithin) and lipoproteins; transport metabolism of fats; production of electrical signals in nerve cells (constituent of acetylcholine); constituent of most cell types (phospholipid); methyl donor in metabolism.

Answer 28

Choline

Question 29

Functions: labile methyl group metabolism (methylation reactions – metabolism of methionine); isomerization reactions; production of blood cells and growth

Answer 29

Vit. B12 (Cobalamine)

Question 30

Functions: removal of radicals and lipid peroxyl compounds in the cell metabolism in cooperation with other antioxidative vitamins such as vitamin E and beta carotene; collagen formation (bones, cartilage, muscles, skin and egg shell); regulation of calcium metabolism by activating vitamin D3 metabolites; function of macrophages, granulocytes and lymphocytes in the immune system; improve fertility-linked properties such as sperm quality, follicle maturation and progesterone synthesis; improve resorption of iron; reduction of the toxic effect of lead, cadmium and nickel; increases antibody production.

Answer 30

Vit. C (Ascorbic Acid)

Question 31

• Deficiency symptoms: ectodermal lesions; dermatitis and hair loss; curled toe paralysis in birds; neurological disorders.

Answer 31

Vit. B2 (Riboflavin)

Question 32

Deficiency symptoms: reduced growth, dermatitis, dementia and diarrhea; irritability; inflammation and ulceration of mouth, tongue and digestive tract (black tongue); increased peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 32

Vit. B3 (Niacin)

Question 33

Deficiency symptoms: dermatitis, loss of hair; greying of hair; spastic gait, goose stepping or posterior incoordination and paralysis; enteritis; poor growth and reproduction; decreased synthesis of steroid hormones; poor appetite

Answer 33

Vit. B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Question 34

Deficiency symptoms: convulsions, neuritis and hyperirritability; hypochronic-microcytic anemia; increased excretion of xanthurenic acid; reduced growth, reduced feed consumption, reduced protein retention; reduced hatchability in poultry.

Answer 34

Vit. B6 (Pyridoxine)

Question 35

Deficiency symptoms: retarded growth and fertility disorders; dermatitis and loss of hair (spectacle eye in rats and mice); brittle horns and grooves and cracks in hooves in cattle, sheep and horses

Answer 35

Vit. B7 or H (Biotin)

Question 36

Deficiency symptoms: macrocytic anemia and leukopenia; cervical paralysis in turkey; fertility problems; poor growth, bad plumage and depigmentation, perosis.

Answer 36

Vit. B9 (Folic Acid/Folates)

Question 37

Deficiency symptoms: fatty liver and kidney degeneration; poor reproduction and lactation.

Answer 37

Choline

Question 38

Deficiency symptoms: macrocytic anemia with megaloblastic marrow; neurological disturbances; hatching problems in chicks; reduced synthesis of DNA and growth disorders; lower feed conversion; rough coat and inflammation of the skin.

Answer 38

Vit. B12 (Cobalamine)

Question 39

Deficiency symptoms: susceptibility to infections and parasites, retarded growth, bone diseases, scurvy, slow wound healing, spongy gums, swollen joints, hemorrhaging and anemia; reduced eggshell quality; increased susceptibility to stress factors such as heat, transport, housing changes; decreased fertility in both males and females.

Answer 39

Vit. C (Ascorbic Acid)

Question 40

Non Toxic Hypervitaminosis

Answer 40

Vit. B2 (Riboflavin)

Question 41

Hypervitaminosis: vasodilation with itching and burning of skin; fatty liver

Answer 41

Vit. B3

Question 42

Hypervitaminosis: convulsions and death

Answer 42

Vit. B6

Question 43

Hypervitaminosis: convulsions and death

Answer 43

Vit. B6

Question 44

Hypervitaminosis: diarrhea

Answer 44

Choline

Question 45

Feedstuffs of ----- origin have a low B2 content.

Answer 45

plant

Question 46

feedstuffs of ------ origin are poor in B6

Answer 46

animal

Question 47

Poor availability of Biotin from feeds of ------ origin

Answer 47

Plant

Question 48

Sources: protein-based feeds of animal origin, yeast and some extracted oilseed meals.

Answer 48

Choline

Question 49

• Sources: found only in feeds of animal origin (fish meal, fish solubles and skim milk); microbes will produce sufficient quantities in the rumen provided sufficient amount of cobalt

Answer 49

Vit. B12

Question 50

• Sources: not found in many feedstuffs and degrades rapidly during storage and processing;

Answer 50

Vit. C

Question 51

feedstuffs rich in vitamin C are

Answer 51

green forage and potatoes

Question 52

----------------- can synthesize vitamin C enough to meet their requirement under normal conditions. However supplement is needed when the ---- are subjected to stress

Answer 52

Poultry species; birds

Question 53

– is a constituent of the folic acid molecule. ---- is a growth promoter and is found in great number of feeds.

Answer 53

p-Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA)

Question 54

acts a methyl group donor in metabolism and together with choline and methionine is a lipotropic factor (protection against fatty liver).

Answer 54

Betaine

Question 55

- it has a lipotropic effect in preventing fatty liver; livestock are capable of producing sufficient quantities of ------- and use it for the synthesis of phospholipids and lipoproteins.

Answer 55

Inositol

Question 56

These fatty acids play an important role as constituents of membrane lipids and as prostaglandin precursors.

Answer 56

Essential Fatty Acids

Question 57

Mammals are not capable of ------- synthesis of these molecules

Answer 57

de novo

Question 58

carrier in fat metabolism to transport active fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy metabolism, and as a storage site for activated acetyl radicals. Such function is of great importance when the muscles work extremely hard, in ketotic situations and during periods of hunger

Answer 58

carnitine (L carnitine)

Question 59

is mainly linked to cholic acid (taucholic acid).

Answer 59

Taurine

Question 60

is present as bile salt (in gall bladder) and takes part in fat degradation.

Answer 60

Taucholic acid

Question 61

It also plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system.

Answer 61

Taurine

Question 62

oxidation and reduction processes for producing and breaking down fatty acids and amino acids.

Answer 62

B2

Question 63

key functions in energy metabolism.

Answer 63

B3

Question 64

Production of acetylcholine for the function of neural cells; pigmentation of hair

Answer 64

B5

Question 65

decomposition of leucine; synthesis of DNA and RNA (via purine synthesis)

Answer 65

B7

Question 66

important for cell growth, cell division and cell differentiation in the metabolism of proteins and of DNA and RNA; together with B12, it converts homocysteine into methionine.

Answer 66

B9

Question 67

DHA

Answer 67

22:6

Question 68

DPA

Answer 68

22:5

Question 69

EPA

Answer 69

20:5

Question 70

AA

Answer 70

20:4

Question 71

ALA

Answer 71

18:3

Question 72

LA

Answer 72

18:2