misc

Question 1

What is ‘context’ in relation to a text?

Answer 1

Context refers to the situation in which a text was constructed, such as criticism of island communities, the writer’s personal experiences (e.g., growing up on an island), or wider political, cultural, or social movements like climate change and governmental responses.

Question 2

How is ‘audience’ defined in text analysis?

Answer 2

Audience can refer to a general group or category of people who might read or hear the text or a specific individual at whom the text is directed. A text can address both.

Question 3

What are some examples of ‘purpose’ in writing?

Answer 3

Purpose can include general intentions like ‘to persuade’ or ‘to describe’ or specific goals, such as persuading readers that islanders are not to blame. Texts can also have hybrid purposes.

Question 4

What are common forms of commercial texts?

Answer 4

Advertisements, brochures, flyers, and leaflets.

Question 5

What are key features of commercial texts?

Answer 5

• Headings
• Branding (logos, slogans, official colour schemes)
• Simple and clear text
• Short paragraphs, single sentences, or bullet points

Question 6

What are examples of journalistic forms?

Answer 6

Editorials, news stories, articles, columns, reviews, and investigative journalism.

Question 7

What are examples of online forms?

Answer 7

Blogs and podcasts

Question 8

What features are typical of blogs and podcasts?

Answer 8

1. Direct address to a regular audience
2. Clear statements in the first person for new readers/listeners
3. Informal phrasing for a casual tone
4. Conversational openings
5. Direct references to the audience
6. Clear, direct references to the medium (e.g., the podcast)
7. Familiar discussions related to the audience’s interests

Question 9

What are examples of personal forms of writing?

Answer 9

Letters, diaries, travel writing, autobiographies, and memoirs.

Question 10

What distinguishes formal texts?

Answer 10

• Formal structure, such as introductions and conclusions (e.g., essays)
• Use of clear evidence and logical progression with discourse markers
• Formalities like acknowledgments or greetings in scripted speeches
• Repetition and rhetorical devices for spoken delivery

Question 11

What are essays characterised by?

Answer 11

A formal structure, with an introduction and conclusion surrounding a detailed discussion, clear evidence, logical arguments, and the use of discourse markers.

Question 12

What formalities are typical in scripted speeches?

Answer 12

• Acknowledging the institution and context through thanks or greetings
• Use of rhetorical devices and repetition for auditory delivery

Question 13

Define ‘discourse markers’

Answer 13

Words or phrases that signal a change of topic and provide a link between parts of a conversation or text.

Question 14

What are ‘rhetorical devices’?

Answer 14

Language techniques used for effect, such as questions that make a point rather than seeking an answer.

Question 15

What are the primary purposes of advertisements?

Answer 15

To inform and persuade a mass audience.

Question 16

What techniques are commonly used in advertisements?

Answer 16

Structural: Headings, Subheadings.
Linguistic: Alliteration, Anecdotes, Facts, Flattery, Opinions, Rhetorical Questions, Repetition, Emotive Language, Exaggeration, Statistics, Triplets.

Question 17

What is the primary purpose of brochures?

Answer 17

To provide factual evidence of a location in an attractive design.

Question 18

What techniques are used in brochures?

Answer 18

Structural: Headings, Subheadings, Images.
Linguistic:
Persuasive writing (Alliteration, Anecdotes, Facts, Flattery, Opinions, etc.).
Description of the five senses.
Use of hyperbole, similes, metaphors, and positive connotations.

Question 19

What content and techniques are key in leaflets?

Answer 19

Content: Prices, dates, times, directions.
Structural: Headings, Subheadings, Images.
Linguistic: Persuasive writing (similar to advertisements and brochures).

Question 20

What are the typical features of editorials or feature articles?

Answer 20

• Discuss arguments and counterarguments.
• Provide alternative solutions to problems.
• Summarize points in the conclusion.
• Use facts and evidence to support views.

Question 21

What techniques make a review effective?

Answer 21

Structural: Overview/key facts, summary, recommendations, rating.
Linguistic:
Field-specific lexis to convey expertise.
Loaded language to express opinions.
Informal tone with humor, hyperbole, and evaluative comments.
Use of comparative/superlative adverbs and conditional clauses.

Question 22

What are the main features of blogs?

Answer 22

Content: Thoughts, opinions, feelings.
Structural: Headings, chronological order.
Linguistic: Informal, conversational style; use of first-person and past tense; digital references like “click the link.”

Question 23

What is the structural difference between formal and informal letters?

Answer 23

Formal Letter:
Purpose stated in the first sentence.
Ends with “yours sincerely.”
Uses formal, sophisticated vocabulary.
Informal Letter:
Ends with casual phrases like “love…”
Uses colloquial, conversational vocabulary.

Question 24

What techniques are used in podcasts?

Answer 24

General Features:
Anecdotes, humor, conversational style.
Create a connection with listeners.
With Multiple Hosts:
Spontaneity, humor, unpredictable flow.
Individual Podcasts:
Subject-specific vocabulary.
Evidence of expertise or personal interest.

Question 25

What features are key in investigative journalism?

Answer 25

- Clear discussion of "who, what, when, where, why, and how." - Use of facts and evidence. - Structured with an introductory paragraph and clear paragraphing in chronological order.

Question 26

How do autobiographies and biographies differ?

Answer 26

**Autobiographies**: - Written in first person and past tense. - Discuss the author's rise to fame, significant life events, and thoughts/opinions. - Use hyperbole and humour to express voice. **Biographies**: - Written in third person and past tense. - Focus on key events, dates, and relationships that explain the subject's rise to fame.

Question 27

What are the main features of diary entries?

Answer 27

- Personal anecdotes. - Focus on key moments, personal feelings, and emotions. - Informal tone discussing relationships, hopes, ambitions, dreams, thoughts, and opinions. - Inclusion of key dates. - Begins with "Dear diary," written in first person and present/future tense. - Naming conventions may reflect familial relationships (e.g., referring to parents in a certain way).

Question 28

What distinguishes essays as a form?

Answer 28

- Presents thoughts, opinions, facts, and statistics. - Maintains a clear argument and extensive text. - Written in the first person with a strong sense of voice. - Often incorporates humour for engagement.

Question 29

What are key techniques in scripted speeches?

Answer 29

- Use of quotes or references to prominent figures. - Reference to ideals like peace, unity, and acceptance. - Variety of sentence structure and paragraph length. - Persuasive writing techniques, including: *Alliteration, anecdotes, facts, flattery, opinions, rhetorical questions, repetition, emotive language, exaggeration, statistics, triplets.* - Use of first-person pronouns (I), direct address (you), and anaphora (repetition of phrases). - Incorporates imagery, similes, and metaphors.

Question 30

What is the primary purpose of descriptive writing?

Answer 30

To describe a person, place, or thing, forming a vivid picture in the reader’s mind.

Question 31

What techniques are used in descriptive writing?

Answer 31

- Description of senses: visual (sight), auditory (sound), tactile (touch), gustatory (taste), olfactory (smell), kinaesthetic (movement). - Emphasis on atmosphere and emotion conveyed through objects/settings. - "Camera lens" technique: zoom in on specific details, then zoom out for a broader perspective. - Use of colour, light, sound, descriptive and figurative language, and changing atmospheres.

Question 32

What is the primary purpose of narrative writing?

Answer 32

To tell a story through a compelling plot, believable characters, dialogue, and vivid description of the setting.

Question 33

Structural elements of narrative writing?

Answer 33

Narrative Openings: - Establish characters, setting, tone/mood. - Create intrigue by supplying fragments of information to engage the reader. Structure: - Introduction/Exposition. - Complication/Problem. - Development. - Climax. - Conclusion/Resolution.

Question 34

What are the five stages of Freytag’s Pyramid?

Answer 34

1. Exposition. 2. Rising Action. 3. Climax. 4. Falling Action. 5. Denouement.

Question 35

What are Labov's six elements of a narrative?

Answer 35

1. Abstract. 2. Orientation. 3. Complicating Action. 4. Resolution. 5. Evaluation. 6. Coda.

Question 36

What are the different modes of narration?

Answer 36

**First Person**: Narrator uses I and provides a personal perspective. **Second Person**: Narrator addresses the reader as you. **Third Person**: - Omniscient Narrator: Knows everything about the story and characters. - Subjective Narrator: Conveys the thoughts of multiple characters. - Limited Narrator: Focuses on the thoughts and experiences of one character.

Question 37

What aspects should you consider when creating a character?

Answer 37

- Fears, ambitions, regrets, attitude toward life. - Significant memories, family, friends. - Appearance, clothing, idiolect (speech patterns). - Location they live in. - How they first and last appear in the text.