MISC2

Question 0

Wnt pathway amplified what? is it pro cell growth?

Answer 0

cell proliferative
APC normally inhibits wnt pathway (deleted in FAP)
Wnt amplified TERT

Question 1

TERT

Answer 1

telomerase reverase transcriptase

Question 2

TAM

Answer 2

tumor associated macrophages

2 types: M1 early stage (normal O2 tension), M2 late stage (hypoxic areas)

Question 3

Role of mast cells in cancer?

Answer 3

release growth factor, facilitate angiogenesis, MMP, chemokines

Question 4

hTR?

Answer 4

RNA template on TERT

Question 5

where do you have telomerase?

Answer 5

neoplastic cells

stem cells

Question 6

Warburg effect

Answer 6

w/o hypoxia: cancers use glycolysis instead of oxphos

w/ hypoxia: glutamine used to drive TCA cycle; w/o glucose

Question 7

HGF role in tumor devo?

Answer 7

promote proliferation and progression

Question 8

hyaluronic acid (hyalluronan) role in cancer?

Answer 8

binds CD44 on tumor cell

Question 9

TGF beta in cancer?

Answer 9

promotes tumor prolif

Question 10

EMT?

Answer 10

epithelial to membrane transport

Question 11

Factors that promote EMT?

Answer 11

GF, collagen, MMP, TGF beta

Question 12

EMT phenotype changes?

Answer 12

1. decrease E-cadherin (cell adehsion molecule) -> loss polarity
2. change intermediate filaments (increase vimentin, decrease keratins))
3. increase motility (increas MMP and fibronectin)

Question 13

2 ways of cell migration in tumro?

Answer 13

individual cell and collective cell migrations

Question 14

2 way cell enter and travel througgh blood

Answer 14

Intravasation (regulated by microenvirone) and extravasation (leukocyte emmigration similar)

Question 15

Imaging that gives structural info only

Answer 15

U/S
Xray
CT

Question 16

Imaging that gives structural and functional info

Answer 16

MRI
PET
Gamma camera/Spect

Question 17

U/S what color indicates dense?

Answer 17

black is less dense

white is more dense

Question 18

Apple core lesion?

Answer 18

CT scan, classic look of colon cancer

Question 19

Gamma camera?

Answer 19

detects gamma rays from radiopharmaceuticals

2D

Question 20

SPECT

Answer 20

3D version of gamma camera

Question 21

PET functional imaging?

Answer 21

FDG or F18 (glucosee)

measure glucose uptake of tumor; independent of size

Question 22

Transmission v Emissions imaging

Answer 22

Transmission- energy into body (Xray, CT, US)

Emission- energy out from body (PET, SPECT, gamma camera)

Question 23

X ray contrast?

Answer 23

iodine (careful with shelllfish allergies)

Question 24

mA

Answer 24

number of photons emitted in xray beam | higher mA= higher resolution, but greater radiation exposuree

Question 25

Xray v gamma ray?

Answer 25

Xray is manmade Gamma ray is natural energetically the same

Question 26

Brachytherapy: what is it? what is it good for?

Answer 26

radioactive source is implanted near the tumor good fo hypoxic cells and slow proliferating cells But tumor has to be weell demarcated; not for metastasizing tumors prostate cervical endometrial

Question 27

IORT: commonly for what?

Answer 27

intraoperative radiation therapy | Rectal, sarcoma, pancreatic

Question 28

TBI: commonly used for what?

Answer 28

total body irradiation | done with stem cell transplant (eradicate stem cells and replaced)

Question 29

SRS: common for?

Answer 29

stereotactic radiosurgery | brain

Question 30

SBRT: common for?

Answer 30

stereotactic ablative radiation therapy | lungs liver, vertebral bodies

Question 31

SIRT: common for/

Answer 31

Stereotactic internal radiation therapy glass beads with radioactive elements liver (inject to femoral artery in leg --> heaptic arteryy to liver)

Question 32

DiGeorge's syndrome

Answer 32

no thymus; immunocompromiised

Question 33

SCID

Answer 33

Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome | mutated IL-7R on T progenitor -> no T or B cell devo

Question 34

Bare lymphocyte syndrome

Answer 34

no MHCs

Question 35

Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED)

Answer 35

AIRE mutation --> death from sever autoimmune disease

Question 36

Lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity

Answer 36

CTLA-4 deficiency

Question 37

Hyper IgM syndrome

Answer 37

mutated CD40L --> high IgM, low IgG