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Behavioural science and socio-cultural psychiatry > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

Primary emotions Stigma

1
Q

Who devised basic emotions universal in all humans? When?

A

Paul Ekman 1972

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2
Q

What primary emotions did Paul Ekman devise?

A

Happiness
Fear
Disgust
Sadness
Anger
Surprise

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3
Q

What is discredited and discreditable stigma?
What is the difference between the two?

A

The discredited are individuals who have a stigma that is predominantly visible such as race/ethnicity, gender, or physical disability. In contrast, the discreditable are individuals who have a stigma that is predominantly concealable such as mental illness, HIV infection, or sexual minority status. Thus, these terms refer to the visual conspicuousness of the stigmatized attribute.

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4
Q

What is felt stigma?

A

Shame and expectation of discrimination that prevents people from talking about their experiences and stops them from seeking help

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5
Q

What is enacted stigma?

A

experience of unfair treatment by others

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6
Q

What is courtesy stigma

A

stigma that attaches to those who are merely associated with a stigmatised person
For instance, a family member of someone with a substance use disorder may face judgments and negative attitudes from others because of their association with the person

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7
Q

Who introduced the concept of the sick role?

A

Talcott Parsons

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8
Q

Who coined the term illness behaviour and when

A

Mechanic and Volkart in 1961

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9
Q

What are the conceptual rules of the sick role?

A
  • the sick person is exempt from the normal social roles that they take for the duration of the illness. This exemption is legitimised by society as represented by the physician. Normal role performance and responsibilities are suspended so that the ill person can get well. The strength of the exemption varies directly with the severity of the illness.
  • Sick persons are not responsible for their illnesses. The illness is beyond personal control. A curative process outside the person is required to restore wellness.
  • The sick person has the duty to try to get well. Sickness is societally undesirable and thus society places the obligation to get well on the patient, with the help of the doctor, of course.
  • The sick person must seek competent technical help and co-operate with that caregiver.
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10
Q

What are secondary gains of illness?

A

Care, reduced responsibilities and attention received due to illness

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11
Q

What is Ribot’s law?

A

That older memories are more preserved than recent ones

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12
Q

What area of the brain is commonly affected in anterograde amnesia?

A

Hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe structures

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13
Q

When was the Holmes Rahe stress scale devised?

A

1967

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14
Q

What is the Holmes Rahe stress scale also known as?

A

social readjustment rating scale

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15
Q

What is the most stressful life event by Holmes and Rahe?

A

Death of a spouse

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16
Q

What is the second most stressful event according to Holmes and Rahe?

A

divorce

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17
Q

Who devised ideas about temperament?

A

Thomas and Chess

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of children in terms of temperament and their prevalence?

A

Easy child 40%
Difficult child 10%
Slow to warm up child 15%

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19
Q

What is goodness to fit?

A

compatibility between environment and a child’s temperament.

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20
Q

What is poorness of fit?

A

when temperament is not respected and accommodated

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21
Q

What traits/aspects of behaviour were assessed by Thomas and Chess?

A

Activity Level: The child’s general energy and movement.
Rhythmicity: Regularity of biological functions like sleep and hunger.
Approach/Withdrawal: Initial response to new stimuli or situations.
Adaptability: Ease of adjusting to changes or new experiences.
Threshold of Responsiveness: Sensitivity to sensory inputs.
Intensity of Reaction: Energy level of responses.
Quality of Mood: General tendency towards a positive or negative outlook.
Distractibility: Susceptibility to being side-tracked by external stimuli.
Attention Span/Persistence: Duration of focus and perseverance on tasks.

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22
Q

What does the Sally Anne test help understand and assess?

A

Theory of mind
social cognition and ASD
assesses ability to attribute mental state such as beliefs, intentions, knowledge or perspectives to oneself and to others.

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23
Q

What does the classic version of the sally anne test consist of?

A

Sally places a marble in a basket and then leaves the room.
Anne moves the marble from the basket to a box while Sally is away.
The child is then asked: ‘Where will Sally look for her marble?’

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24
Q

Who developed the Sally Anne test?

A

Baron-Cohen

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25
What are the findings of the Sally-Anne test?
Typically developing children (and those with Down syndrome) overwhelmingly answered correctly: ‘Sally will look in the basket’, recognising that Sally does not know the marble has been moved. In contrast, most autistic children pointed to the box, the current location of the marble, indicating they did not represent Sally’s mental state as distinct from their own knowledge.
26
What are the limitations of the Sally Anne test?
does not explain the full range of autistic behaviours many autistic individuals pass false belief tasks later in development and some high functioning individuals may perform well on structured tests while struggling in real world social contexts
27
What more nuanced models has the Sally Anne test led to?
Executive function deficits Weak central coherence Double empathy theory
28
What is double empathy theory?
Social difficulties may be reciprocal and arise from a mismatch between neurotypical and autistic social communication styles
29
What is vorbeirden?
patient answers a question in such a way that one can tell the patient understood the question although the answer is very obviously wrong
30
What is Ganser's syndrome?
Form of dissociative psychosis usually seen in prisoners awaiting trial
31
What is cognitive dissonance?
Unpleasant feeling experienced when there is a conflict within an individuals attitudes relief or behaviours
32
Who introduced the term of cognitive dissonance?
Leon Festinger in 1957
33
How can cognitive dissonance be reduced?
One or more attitudes, behaviours or beliefs can be changed. Acquire new information. Reduce the importance of the cognitions
34
What does level 1 consist of in Maslows hierarchy of needs?
physiological needs - air, water
35
What does level 2 consist of in Maslows hierarchy of needs?
safety needs - roof over head, financial security
36
What does level 3 consist of in Maslows hierarchy of needs?
Social needs - feelings of love and belonging
37
What does level 4 consist of in Maslows hierarchy of needs?
esteem needs - social recognition, personal worth
38
What does level 5 consist of in Maslows hierarchy of needs?
self-actualisation - achieving ones full potential e.g. creative activities
39
What are D-needs?
Bottom four levels deficiency needs
40
What are B-needs?
being needs cannot be fulfilled until D needs have been satisfied
41
Describe Maslow's motivational model?
Deficiency needs (bottom 4) Esteem needs Belonging and love needs Safety needs Physiological needs Growth needs (top 4) Transcendence Self-actualisation Aesthetic needs Cognitive needs
42
What are transcendence needs?
A person is motivated by values which transcend beyond the personal self (e.g., mystical experiences and certain experiences with nature, aesthetic experiences, sexual experiences, service to others, the pursuit of science, religious faith, etc.).
43
What is the cocktail party effect?
feature of selective attention enabling a listener to isolate and focus upon a single conversation from among several simultaneous conversations competing for attention
44
WHen did the anti-psychiatry movement begin?
1960s
45
Explain the beliefs of Thomas Szasz
Believed mental illness was a social construct rather than a biological disease. Argued that labelling certain behaviours as mental disorders was a way for society to exert control over individuals and suppress unconventional thinking
46
Explain R.D Laings role in the anti-psychiatry movement?
He emphasized the importance of understanding the subjective experiences and social contexts of individuals experiencing mental distress. Laing believed that mental illness could arise as a response to dysfunctional family or societal dynamics. He advocated for a more humane and compassionate approach to psychiatric treatment, stressing the need for therapeutic relationships, empathy, and the creation of supportive environments to aid individuals in their recovery.
47
WHat is double agentry?
when a psychiatrist has a conflict of interests that interferes that interferes with their ability to act solely in the best interests of the patient
48
What is the Tarasoff case?
2 therapists failed to warn a lady that their pt expressed an intention to kill her so that they could respect the patients confidentiality and the lady was murdered
49
Who introduced the 5 base theory of power?
French and Raven in 1959
50
What is legitimate power
power held by an individual in an organisation
51
what is referent power
The power held by a person with charisma who people gravitate towards
52
What is expert power
The power of a person with specialist skills or knowledgeW
53
What is reward power
The power of a person in a position to provide rewards
54
What is coercive power
power of a person who has the ability to apply negative influences such as demotion
55
What is outcome power
power of a person to bring about outcomes
56
what is social power
the power of a person to influence others so that they will bring about outcomes
57
what is counterpower
the power of the oppressed to counterbalance the elite
58
What is the Hawthorne effect?
Form of observer bias When someone changes their behaviour if they believe they are being observed
59
What is the practice effect?
influence that the past experience of taking a test has on taking that same test again. It usually results in higher than normal score, and is most pronounced when the interval between the two tests is short.
60
What is Beechers study?
a list of over 20 cases of research where subjects were subject to experimentation without knowing they are being experimented on
61
What is the Willowbrook State School study?
Children w mental difficulties were deliberately infected with hepatitis under disguise of a vaccination program?
62
Explain Goffmans work "the presentation of Self in Everyday Life"
Explores the concept of dramaturgy where every day life is likened to a theatrical performance. Use of "front stage" - public personas and "back stage" - private selves. Individuals present themselves in various social contexts to manage the impressions others have of them
63
Explain Goffman's work "Asylums"
He introduces the concept of the 'total institution', which describes a place of residence and work where a large number of similarly situated individuals, cut off from the wider community for a considerable time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered life. In these settings, individuals undergo 'role stripping', a process where their previous social roles and identities are removed, often leading to a loss of personal identity and autonomy. This concept is particularly relevant for psychiatrists as it highlights the impact of institutionalisation on patients' mental health and social functioning.
64
Explain Goffman's work Stigma
Describe an attribute that deeply discredits an individual, reducing them from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one.
65
Explain Goffman's term role distancing
the ways individuals create distance between themselves and the roles they are required to play, often to protect their personal identity.
66
Explain Goffman's term role embracement
Involves individuals fully accepting and identifying with the roles they play, integrating them into their self-concept.
67
Who coined the term groupthink and when
Irving Janis in 1972
68
What is groupthink?
phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an incorrect or deviant decision-making outcome.W
69
What are the conditions that allow groupthink to occur?
The group must be isolated from outside influences. Group loyalty prevents individuals from raising controversial issues of alternative solutions. There is a loss of individual creativity and independent thinking. The group experiences the 'illusion of invulnerability,' an inflated certainty that the right decision has been made. Typically the group is under a high level of pressure to make a decision, and it lacks an impartial leader.
70
What are symptoms of groupthink?
Illusion of invulnerability Belief in inherent morality of the group Collective rationalisation Stereotypes of 'out-groups' Self-censorship Illusion of unanimity - assuming that people who remain silent agree with the majority viewW Direct pressure on dissenters Self-appointed mind guards - protecting the group from outside info that challenges the groups view of itself
71
What interventions can help reduce groupthink?
Leaders should allow each member to challenge ideas and present objections Members should talk about and solicit ideas with people outside the group Outside Experts should be invite to attend meetings Avoid expressing opinions about the preferred outcome Assign 'Devil's Advocate' at all meetings to challenge any and all ideas
72
What is groupshift?
phenomenon in which the initial positions of individual members of a group are exaggerated toward a more extreme position. For example, when people are in groups, they assess risk differently from when they are alone. In the group, they are likely to make riskier decisions as the shared risk makes the individual risk seem to be less.
73
WHat is deindividuation?
loss of self-awareness in groups. Theories of deindividuation propose that it is a psychological state of decreased self-evaluation and a decreased evaluation of apprehension causing abnormal collective behaviour, such as violent crowds and lynch mobs. Conversely it also explains peoples tendency to donate more readily to charity when in groups.
74
What is the catharsis hypothesis?
suggests that feelings of frustration and aggression can be discharged indirectly either by engaging in aggressive pursuits like boxing (sometimes referred to as 'blowing off steam') or talking about how one feels
75
What is the Nuremberg code?
first international document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent in medical experimentation. Resulted from the trial of the German physicians accused of participating in medical experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent
76
Who was the founder of structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt
77
What are these names associated with - Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler
Gestalt psychology
78
What is the phi phenomenon
Rapid sequences of perceptual events e.g. rows of flashing lights create the illusion of motion even when there is none.
79
What are the Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation?
Symmetry and order Similarity Proximity Continuity Closure Common fate
80
Who developed trait theory?
Gordon Allport
81
What are the three levels of personality traits described in trait theory?
Level 1 - cardinal traits - dominates the entire personality Level 2 - central traits - easily detected characteristics within a person 5-10 average Level 3 - secondary traits, less evident and only manifest in select circumstances
82
What is the Gudjonsson scale used for assessing?
Suggestibility - both yield and shift
83
WHat is the bystander effect also known as?
The Genovese effect
84
Who identified key factors that influence the bystander effect?
Fischer
85
When are bystanders less likely to help?
there are many other people present the larger the number, the more diluted the sense of personal responsibility
86
when are bystanders more likely to help?
Situation is perceived as dangerous
87

Behavioural science and socio-cultural psychiatry (17 decks)

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