Amnesia and memory

Question 1

What area of the brain is typically affected in anterograde amnesia?

Answer 1

Hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal structures

Question 2

What are the causes of anterograde amnesia?

Answer 2

Traumatic brain injury
Stroke
Brain surgery
Hypoxia
Certain viral infections
Long-term alcohol abuse

Question 3

What types of memory are impacted in retrograde amnesia?

Answer 3

Episodic memory (personal events and experiences)
Semantic memory (general knowledge and facts)

Question 4

What is Ribots law?

Answer 4

The older memories are more preserved than recent ones

Question 5

What is source amnesia?

Answer 5

Inability to remember the context in which previously learned information was acquired while the factual knowledge it self remains intact.
Individuals may recall the information but like details of where when or how they learned it

Question 6

What are the causes of source amnesia?

Answer 6

Frontal lobe dysfunction
Chemical with aging brain injury or neuro degenerative conditions

Question 7

How can source amnesia affect the patient?

Answer 7

It affects the credibility of memories as patients may struggle to differentiate between true and false memories or integrate new information into its proper context

Question 8

What is psychogenic amnesia also known as?

Answer 8

Dissociative amnesia

Question 9

What is psychogenic amnesia?

Answer 9

Sudden retrograde memory loss which can last from hours to years

Question 10

what is global psychogenic amnesia?

Answer 10

sudden loss of autobiographical memories for a persons entire past

Question 11

What is situation-specific amnesia also known as?

Answer 11

lacunar amnesia

Question 12

What is situation-specific amnesia?

Answer 12

memory gaps for specific traumatic incidents

Question 13

What are the causes of psychogenic amnesia?

Answer 13

psychological trauma
intense stress
life threatening situations

Question 14

What is semantic amnesia?

Answer 14

affects semantic memory (memory not associated with personal experiences)

Question 15

What are causes of semantic amnesia?

Answer 15

neurodegenerative diseases such as semantic dementia which is a subtype of frontotemporal dementia

Question 16

What are clinical features of semantic amnesia?

Answer 16

difficulty recalling words, recognising objects or understanding concepts they once knew, affecting fluency and comprehension

Question 17

What is transient global amnesia?

Answer 17

sudden temporary memory loss

Question 18

how long does transient global amnesia tend to last?

Answer 18

<24 hours

Question 19

What are the causes of TGA?

Answer 19

Unclear
Associated with migraine, TIAs and epilepsy

Question 20

What are risk factors for TGA?

Answer 20

> 50years
stress
physical exertion
sudden immersion in cold or hot water

Question 21

What are the clinical implications of TGA?

Answer 21

often benign, self-limiting, memory function usually returns within 24 hours

Question 22

What is post-traumatic amnesia?

Answer 22

Temporary state of confusion and memory loss that follows a traumatic brain injury

Question 23

What are the symptoms of post traumatic amnesia?

Answer 23

disorientation
agitation
difficulty forming new memories

Question 24

What is infantile amnesia?

Answer 24

universal inability to recall memories from early childhood, typically from birth until around the age of 3-4 years.

Question 25

what causes infantile amnesia?

Answer 25

immaturity of the hippocampus

Question 26

What parts of the brain are damaged in korsakoffs?

Answer 26

diencephalon including the mamillary bodies and thalamus

Question 27

What is flashbulb memory?

Answer 27

detailed recollections of the context in which people first heard about an important event e.g. remembering what u were doing when u heard about the death of Princess Diana

Question 28

What may be the physiology behind retaining older memories?

Answer 28

neural pathways corresponding to older memories might be more well established

Question 29

What is Jost's law of forgetting?

Answer 29

if two memories are equally strong but of different ages the older memory will be forgotten more slowly than the newer one

Question 30

What is echoic memory?

Answer 30

memory acquired through auditory stimuli

Question 31

What is iconic memory?

Answer 31

memory gathered through sight

Question 32

what is haptic memory?

Answer 32

memory acquired through touch

Question 33

what is sensory memory?

Answer 33

the capacity for briefly retaining large amounts of information that people encounter daily

Question 34

What does iconic memory pass to after a second?

Answer 34

short term vision memory

Question 35

what is the difference between short term and working memory?

Answer 35

Short-term memory is the ability to maintain information temporarily over periods of seconds whereas working memory is the maintenance and controlled manipulation of a limited amount of information before recall

Question 36

What is the Atkinson and Shiffrin multistore model?

Answer 36

model that suggests existence of a short term storehouse with limited capacity

Question 37

Who further developed the concept of short term memory?

Answer 37

Baddeley and Hitch 1974

Question 38

What are the components of Baddeley's multistorehouse model?

Answer 38

Central executive Visuospatial sketchpad - stores and processes information in visual or spatial form Phonological buffer - holds verbal and auditory information Episodic buffer - binds information from various systems of working memory

Question 39

What are memories that can be consciously retrieved?

Answer 39

declarative/explicit memoreis

Question 40

What are memories called that cannot be consciously recalled?

Answer 40

non-declarative/implicit memories

Question 41

What is semantic memory?

Answer 41

information about facts and concepts

Question 42

What is eidetic memory?

Answer 42

photographic memory - ability to recall images, sounds of objects in much detail after a few instances of exposure

Question 43

What type of memory is eidatic memory aligned with?

Answer 43

episodic memory

Question 44

What is procedural memory? Give an example

Answer 44

motor and executive skills necessary to perform a task driving a bike/car

Question 45

What parts of the brain are involved with procedural memory?

Answer 45

basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 46

What is associative memory?>

Answer 46

storage and retrieval of information through association with other information

Question 47

What parts of the brain are involved in associative memory?

Answer 47

amygdala hippocampus prefrontal cortex

Question 48

What is non-associative memory?

Answer 48

newly learned behaviour through repeated exposure to an isolated stimulus

Question 49

What are the two processes of non-associative memory?

Answer 49

sensitisation - heightened response to a stimuli habituation - decrease in response to a stimulus due to repeated stimulation

Question 50

What is priming?

Answer 50

Effect whereby exposure to certain stimuli influences the response given to stimuli presented later Example, if you present a list of words to a person that contains the word 'ball' and then the person is asked to participate in a task to complete words, they are more likely to respond with the word ball to the presentation of the word bowl than if they had not previously seen that word in the original list

Question 51

What is encoding?

Answer 51

Refers to how information is placed into memory

Question 52

What is storage?

Answer 52

Keeping information in the memory

Question 53

What are the two models of working memory?

Answer 53

The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 54

What is primacy and recency effects?

Answer 54

When given a list of things to remember people tend to remember the first and last items best

Question 55

What is transience

Answer 55

The decreasing accessibility of memory overtime

Question 56

What is absentmindedness?

Answer 56

Lapses of attention of forgetting to do things

Question 57

What is blocking?

Answer 57

Temporary inaccessibility of stored information For example, tip of the tongue syndrome

Question 58

What is suggestibility?

Answer 58

Incorporation of misinformation in memory due to leading questions, deception and other causes

Question 59

What is bias?

Answer 59

Retrospective distortions produced by current knowledge and beliefs

Question 60

What is persistence?

Answer 60

Unwanted recollections that people can’t forget such as the unrelenting intrusive memories of post-traumatic stress disorder

Question 61

What is misattribution?

Answer 61

Attribution of memories to incorrect sources of believing that you’ve seen or heard something you haven’t

Question 63

Give examples of misattribution

Answer 63

Déjà vu Cryptamnesia

Question 64

Which type of memory to people retain in retrograde amnesia?

Answer 64

Procedural memory Retain skills and habits acquired long before the onset of amnesia