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Behavioural science and socio-cultural psychiatry > Amnesia and memory > Flashcards

Amnesia and memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What area of the brain is typically affected in anterograde amnesia?

A

Hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal structures

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2
Q

What are the causes of anterograde amnesia?

A

Traumatic brain injury
Stroke
Brain surgery
Hypoxia
Certain viral infections
Long-term alcohol abuse

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3
Q

What types of memory are impacted in retrograde amnesia?

A

Episodic memory (personal events and experiences)

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4
Q

What type of memory is often preserved in retrograde amnesia?

A

Semantic knowledge

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5
Q

What is Ribots law?

A

The older memories are more preserved than recent ones

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6
Q

What is source amnesia?

A

Inability to remember the context in which previously learned information was acquired while the factual knowledge it self remains intact.
Individuals may recall the information but like details of where when or how they learned it

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7
Q

What are the causes of source amnesia?

A

Frontal lobe dysfunction
Chemical with aging brain injury or neuro degenerative conditions

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8
Q

How can source amnesia affect the patient?

A

It affects the credibility of memories as patients may struggle to differentiate between true and false memories or integrate new information into its proper context

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9
Q

What is psychogenic amnesia also known as?

A

Dissociative amnesia

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10
Q

What is psychogenic amnesia?

A

Sudden retrograde memory loss which can last from hours to years

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11
Q

what is global psychogenic amnesia?

A

sudden loss of autobiographical memories for a persons entire past

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12
Q

What is situation-specific amnesia also known as?

A

lacunar amnesia

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13
Q

What is situation-specific amnesia?

A

memory gaps for specific traumatic incidents

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14
Q

What are the causes of psychogenic amnesia?

A

psychological trauma
intense stress
life threatening situations

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15
Q

What is semantic amnesia?

A

affects semantic memory (memory not associated with personal experiences)

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16
Q

What are causes of semantic amnesia?

A

neurodegenerative diseases such as semantic dementia which is a subtype of frontotemporal dementia

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17
Q

What are clinical features of semantic amnesia?

A

difficulty recalling words, recognising objects or understanding concepts they once knew, affecting fluency and comprehension

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18
Q

What is transient global amnesia?

A

sudden temporary memory loss

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19
Q

how long does transient global amnesia tend to last?

A

<24 hours

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20
Q

What are the causes of TGA?

A

Unclear
Associated with migraine, TIAs and epilepsy

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21
Q

What are risk factors for TGA?

A

> 50years
stress
physical exertion
sudden immersion in cold or hot water

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22
Q

What are the clinical implications of TGA?

A

often benign, self-limiting, memory function usually returns within 24 hours

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23
Q

What is post-traumatic amnesia?

A

Temporary state of confusion and memory loss that follows a traumatic brain injury

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of post traumatic amnesia?

A

disorientation
agitation
difficulty forming new memories

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25
What is infantile amnesia?
universal inability to recall memories from early childhood, typically from birth until around the age of 3-4 years.
26
what causes infantile amnesia?
immaturity of the hippocampus
27
What parts of the brain are damaged in korsakoffs?
diencephalon including the mamillary bodies and thalamus
28
What is flashbulb memory?
detailed recollections of the context in which people first heard about an important event e.g. remembering what u were doing when u heard about the death of Princess Diana
29
What may be the physiology behind retaining older memories?
neural pathways corresponding to older memories might be more well established
30
What is Jost's law of forgetting?
if two memories are equally strong but of different ages the older memory will be forgotten more slowly than the newer one
31
What is echoic memory?
memory acquired through auditory stimuli
32
What is iconic memory?
memory gathered through sight
33
what is haptic memory?
memory acquired through touch
34
what is sensory memory?
the capacity for briefly retaining large amounts of information that people encounter daily
35
What does iconic memory pass to after a second?
short term vision memory
36
what is the difference between short term and working memory?
Short-term memory is the ability to maintain information temporarily over periods of seconds whereas working memory is the maintenance and controlled manipulation of a limited amount of information before recall
37
What is the Atkinson and Shiffrin multistore model?
model that suggests existence of a short term storehouse with limited capacity
38
Who further developed the concept of short term memory?
Baddeley and Hitch 1974
39
What are the components of Baddeley's multistorehouse model?
Central executive Visuospatial sketchpad - stores and processes information in visual or spatial form Phonological buffer - holds verbal and auditory information Episodic buffer - binds information from various systems of working memory
40
What are memories that can be consciously retrieved?
declarative/explicit memoreis
41
What are memories called that cannot be consciously recalled?
non-declarative/implicit memories
42
What is semantic memory?
information about facts and concepts
43
What is eidetic memory?
photographic memory - ability to recall images, sounds of objects in much detail after a few instances of exposure
44
What type of memory is eidatic memory aligned with?
episodic memory
45
What is procedural memory? Give an example
motor and executive skills necessary to perform a task driving a bike/car
46
What parts of the brain are involved with procedural memory?
basal ganglia and cerebellum
47
What is associative memory?>
storage and retrieval of information through association with other information
48
What parts of the brain are involved in associative memory?
amygdala hippocampus prefrontal cortex
49
What is non-associative memory?
newly learned behaviour through repeated exposure to an isolated stimulus
50
What are the two processes of non-associative memory?
sensitisation - heightened response to a stimuli habituation - decrease in response to a stimulus due to repeated stimulation
51
What is priming?
Effect whereby exposure to certain stimuli influences the response given to stimuli presented later Example, if you present a list of words to a person that contains the word 'ball' and then the person is asked to participate in a task to complete words, they are more likely to respond with the word ball to the presentation of the word bowl than if they had not previously seen that word in the original list
52
What is encoding?
Refers to how information is placed into memory
53
What is storage?
Keeping information in the memory
54
What are the two models of working memory?
The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad
55
What is primacy and recency effects?
When given a list of things to remember people tend to remember the first and last items best
56
What is transience
The decreasing accessibility of memory overtime
57
What is absentmindedness?
Lapses of attention of forgetting to do things
58
What is blocking?
Temporary inaccessibility of stored information For example, tip of the tongue syndrome
59
What is suggestibility?
Incorporation of misinformation in memory due to leading questions, deception and other causes
60
What is bias?
Retrospective distortions produced by current knowledge and beliefs
61
What is persistence?
Unwanted recollections that people can’t forget such as the unrelenting intrusive memories of post-traumatic stress disorder
62
What is misattribution?
Attribution of memories to incorrect sources of believing that you’ve seen or heard something you haven’t
63
64
Give examples of misattribution
Déjà vu Cryptamnesia
65
Which type of memory to people retain in retrograde amnesia?
Procedural memory Retain skills and habits acquired long before the onset of amnesia
66
Is anterograde amnesia involved in psychogenic amnesia?
no
67
What are the other terms for psychogenic amnesia?
hysterical dissociative functional retrograde
68
What are the three types of global psychogenic amnesia?
Psychogenic fugue - sudden onset loss of all autobiographical memories including personal identity Psychogenic focal retrograde amnesia - anterograde memory is spared Multiple personality disorder
69
What law does global psychogenic amnesia usually follow?
Ribot's - that recently learned material is more affected than earlier memories
70
What are predisposing factors for global psychogenic amnesia?
severe precipitating stress history of depressed mood/suicidal ideas previous history of a transient neurological amnesia
71

Behavioural science and socio-cultural psychiatry (18 decks)

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