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Miscellaneous 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophil activators

A 
LTB4
C5a
Above- upregulate integrins
IL8
Above- transmigration and chemotaxis

Bacterial products

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2
Q

Gastric adenocarcinoma

Risk factors

A

For intestinal type only
H pylori
Nitrosamines
Blood type A

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3
Q

Plummer Vinson syndrome

A

Fe deficiency anemia, esophageal web (upper), atrophic and red glossitis
Assoc with squamous cell carcinoma

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4
Q

Omphalomesenteric cyst

A

Cystic dilation of vitelline duct

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5
Q

Pancreas
Ventral bud
Dorsal bud

A

Ventral - main pancreatic duct, uncinate process, inferior part of head
Ventral is central

Dorsal pancreatic bud - body, tail, isthmus

Fuse in the 8th week of life

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6
Q

Opsonins

A

C3b

IgG

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7
Q

Antacids

A

Hypokalemia
Aloh3 - constipation, proximal muscle weakness

Caco3 - Chelates tetracycline, can cause rebound acid

Mgoh2 - diarrhea, hyporeflexia, must go to the bathroom

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8
Q

Gardener syndrome

A

Fap + fibromatosis + osteomas + hypertrophy of retinal pigment

Think gardeners have calloused hands

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9
Q

Peutz Jeghers syndrome

A

AD
Hamartomatous polyps in gi tract
Mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation
Increased risk for colorectal, breast, and gyn cancers

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10
Q

Pelvic nerve

A

S2-4

External anal sphincter - defecation reflex

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11
Q

Rokitansky-aschoff sinus formation

A

Chronic cholecystitis

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12
Q

Charcots triad

A

Associated with ascending cholangitis

= jaundice, fever, RUQ

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13
Q

Paracrine of gi tract

A

Somatostatin

Histamine

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14
Q

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

A

Area postrema at base of 4th ventricle

Rich in serotonin, dopamine, and ach receptors

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15
Q

Metoclopramide

A

d2 antagonist

increases resting tone, contractility

Used in diabetic and post op gastroparesis, anti-emetic

Causes diarrhea

Contraindicated in Sbo and Parkinson’s

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16
Q

Chronic gastritis type a –> cancer

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma (diffuse type)

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17
Q

Triple therapy

A

Used for chronic gastritis due to h pylori

Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Ppl

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18
Q

Chronic gastritis type b –> cancer

A

Malt B cell lymphoma

So think type b - B cell

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19
Q

Right supraclavicular node

A

Drains lungs

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20
Q

Celiacs associated with

A

Dermatitis herpetiformis

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22
Q

Sulfasalazine

A

Sulfapyridine - antibacterial

Anti-inflam - 5-aminosalicyclic acid

Used for colitis - *UC, crohns
Side effect- oligospermia

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25
Q

Cimetidine

A

Inhibitor of cyp-450
Anti-androgen effects - gynecomastia, impotence
Crosses BBB and placenta
Deceased renal excretion of cr

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26
Q

PPIs

A

Irreversible

Decreased serum mg2+

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27
Q

Misoprostol

A

Prost analog

Abortifacient

28
Orlistat
Inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase Weight loss med
29
Lactulose
Osmotic laxative - lactulose broken down into lactic and acetic acids, promote NH4 excretion Used in hepatic encephalopathy
30
Ocreotide
Somatostatin analog, inhibits vasoconstriction | Used in acute variceal bleeds, acromegaly, VIPoma, carcinoid tumor
31
Catalase pos orgs
``` S aureus P cepacia - MPO deficiency S marcescens Nocardia Aspergillus ```
32
Lactose fermenters
Klebsiella pneumo Enterobacter cloacae Serratia marcesans E. coli Pink colonies on MacConkey agar
33
Viruses with segmented genomes
``` Flu Rotavirus Orthomyxoviruses Reoviruses Bunyaviruses Arenaviruses ``` Undergo reassortment - genetic SHIFT
34
Fomepizole
Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase - 1st enzyme in alcohol metabolism, cytoplasm Used in methanol poisoning
35
Glycolysis RLS | And regulators
Phosphofructokinase 1 adds p to glucose 6 phosphate --> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Regulated + by amp, frucoste-2,6-bisphosphate Regulated - by atp, citrate
36
Where does fatty acid synthesis take place?
Fatty acid, steroid, and cholesterol synthesis takes place in cytoplasm
37
Takes place in both cytoplasm and mito
HUGs take two Heme synthesis, urea cycle, gluconeogenesis
38
Counterregulatory hormones
Glucagon Catecholamines GH Cortisol
39
Insulin sensitive transporters
Glut4 | Located on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
40
RLS of TCA
Isocitrate dehydrogenase Which converts Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate +ADP -ATP and NADH
41
B1 involved in which enzyme reactions
Pyruvate dehydrogenase A-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Transketolases (for nadph production) Branched amino acid dehydrogenase
42
Growth amino acids
Arginine and histidine
43
Aas in histones
Arg and lysine
44
Fabry dz
``` Lysosomal storage dz XL - females have delayed dz A-galactosidase, ceramide trihexoside Acroparasthesias Angiokeratomas Renal dz (FH of renal failure in men) Think FAbraaay ```
45
Gaucher dz
``` Lysosomal storage dz Most common, adult onset Glucocerebrosidase Pancytopenia Aseptic avascular necrosis Gaucher cells Increased in a jews ``` Smear findings
46
Niemman-pick
``` No man picks his nose with his sphinger Lysosomal storage dz Progressive neurodegeneration HSM Cherry red spot on macula ``` Similar to tay sachs, increased in a jews
47
Mucopolysaccharidoses
j
48
Tay Sachs dz
Lysosomal storage dz Cherry red spot on macula --> blindness, no HSM Increased startle reflex Increased in a jews
49
Krabbe dz
Lysosomal storage dz Galactocerebrosidase, acc galactocerebroside and psychosine Peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells Lots of neuro findings - mr krab is crazy
50
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Lysosomal storage dz Arylsulfatase A, acc of cerebroside sulfate Central and peripheral demyelination with ataxia, dementia
51
what inhibits GH secretion
glucose, somatomedins (feedback on hypothalamus --> stimulate somatostatin production --> binds to Gi on ant pit), obesity, pregnancy, b-adrenergic agonists, GH
52
isoniazid
single-agent prophylaxis in patients exposed to active TB adverse effects of INH include hepatitis, P-450 inhibition, neuropathy, hemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient patients, and a lupus-like syndrome
53
hunger center of the brain
lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus ventromedial center - satiety
54
posterior hypothalamus
heat conservation center of brain bilateral lesions lead to poikilothermia, in which the body temperature varies with the environment
55
metformin
biguanide acts like insulin: 1) stimulates glycolysis in peripheral tissues 2) decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis 3) increases insulin sensitivity in the periphery note it has no effect on insulin secretion - less likely to cause hypoglycemia
56
Na+ disturbance
low: nausea, malaise, stupor, coma, *seizures high: irritability, stupor, coma
57
K+ disturbance
low: U waves on EKG (small replorization after T wave), flattened T waves, arrhythmias, muscle spasm high: wide QRS, peaked T waves, arrthythmias, muscle weakness
58
Mg2+
low: tetany, torsads**, hypokalemia high: depressed DTRs, lethargy, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, hypocalcemia
59
PO3-,4
low: bone loss, osteomalacia (adults), rickets (kids) high: renal stones, metastatic calcifications, hypocalcemia
60
Pioglitazone
thiazolidinedione increases insulin sensitivity - binds to PPAR increased risk for urinary bladder cancer
61
alkylating agents, benzene
associated with leukemia
62
filgrastim
G-CSF - used to treat neutropenia after chemo or bone marrow transplant

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