Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y4S2 Medicine > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of protein S?

A

Cofactor of protein C

Inhibits factors Va and VIIIa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of protein C?

A

Inhibits factors Va and VIIIa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is multiple myeloma diagnosed?

A

>10% clonal bone marrow plasma cells in biopsy

PLUS one of the CRAB features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 5 most common inherited hypercoagulable states?

A
  1. Factor V Leiden mutation
  2. Prothrombin gene mutation G20210A
  3. Protein S deficiency
  4. Protein C deficiency
  5. Antithrombin deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are petechiae more characteristic of disorders of coagulation (clotting factor deficiencies) or purpuric disorders (platelets and blood vessels)?

A

Purpuric disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Are joint haemorrhages and soft tissue haematomas more characteristic of disorders of coagulation (clotting factor deficiencies) or purpuric disorders (platelets and blood vessels)?

A

Disorders of coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which diseases are associated with mutations in the janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene?

A

Myeloproliferative neoplasms e.g. polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytopenia, myelofibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which type of cell is pathognomonic for Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (RSCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which NOAC(s) have a reversal agent?

A

Dabigatran only (idarucizumab)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the reversal agent for dabigatran?

A

Idarucizumab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the four types of thalassemia major?

A

Silent carrier/minima (-a/aa)

Alpha thalassemia trait/minor (-a/-a or –/aa)

Haemoglobin H disease/alpha thalassemia major (–/-a)

Haemoglobin Bart disease (–/–)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which three types of haemoglobin are typically found in adult blood?

A

HbA (ααββ) >95%

HbA2 (ααδδ) 2-3%

HbF (ααγγ) 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Levels of which types of haemoglobin are increased in people with beta thalassemia?

A

HbF (ααγγ)

HbA2 (ααδδ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Levels of which types of haemoglobin are increased in people with alpha thalassemia?

A

HbH (ββββ)

Hb Bart (γγγγ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is adrenaline predominantly an inotrope and/or a vasopressor?

A

Inotrope (increases myocardial contractility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is noradrenaline predominantly an inotrope and/or a vasopressor?

A

Vasopressor (causes vasoconstriction, leading to increased systemic and/or pulmonary vascular resistance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which vasoactive agent is first-line for septic shock?

A

Noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a rouleaux?

A

Stack of RBCs

Occur when the plasma protein concentration is high e.g. infections, MM

Can impair blood flow through capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most notable adverse effect of Tazocin (piperacillin with tazobactam)?

A

Transient increases in liver enzymes and bilirubin, cholestatic jaundice

20
Q

What is a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction?

A

Acute, transient reaction to bacterial endotoxins and pyrogens released after initiation of antibiotic therapy in patients with syphilis

Flu-like symptoms, tachypnoea, hypotension, tachycardia, exanthem

21
Q

Why is clavulanic acid given with amoxicillin?

A

Clavulanic acid is a ß-lactamases inhibitor

ß-lactamases are secreted by some bacteria and they inhibit the effects of ß-lactam antibiotics (penicillins)

22
Q

On which receptors does noradrenaline act?

A

Alpha 1 (vasoconstriction)

Beta 1 (heart → increased CO)

Reflex bradycardia often occurs due to increased MAP

23
Q

On which receptors does adrenaline act?

A

Potent

Beta 1 (inotropic and chronotropic → increased CO)

Weak

Beta 2 (vasodilation offset by alpha 1 vasoconstriction)

Alpha 1 (vasoconstriction offset by beta 2 vasodilation)

At high doses, alpha 1 activity predominates, increasing systemic vascular resistance and therefore BP

24
Q

Which antibiotics are beta lactams?

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Monobactams (aztreonam)
  4. Carbapenems “-penem”
25
What is an ECOG score?
A measure of how a disease impacts a person's daily living. Initially made for oncological purposes
26
How do you calculate an anion gap?
[Na+ + K+] - [Cl- + HCO3-] Normal: 10-16 mmol/L
27
What can cause a high anion gap acidosis?
* Increased organic acids - no compensatory increase in Cl-* * TLKR (total left knee replacement)* *mneumonic* L - lactate T - toxins (paracetamol, isoniazid, metformin, methanol, ethanol) K - ketones (diabetic and alcoholic) R - renal failure
28
How are autoimmune haemolytic anaemias distinguished from non-autoimmune?
Coombs test
29
What are 4 causes of corpuscular haemolytic anaemia?
* Membrane defect* 1. Hereditary spherocytosis 2. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria * Enzyme defect* 3. G6PD deficiency 4. Pyruvate kinase deficiency * Haemoglobinopathy* 5. Sickle cell disease 6. Thalassemia 7. Haemoglobin C disease
30
What are 4 causes of extracorpuscular haemolytic anaemia?
* Isoimmune* 1. AB0 incompatibility 2. Rhesus incompatibility * Autoimmune* 3. Cold/warm agglutinin disease * Microangiopathic* 4. HUS 5. TTP 6. SLE * Macroangiopathic* 7. Aortic stenosis, valve replacement, dialysis 8. Exertional e.g. running, walking on hard surfaces
31
What are haptoglobin levels used for?
Distinguishing intra- and extravascular haemolysis Haemoglobin released from broken down RBCs binds to haptoglobin, decreasing free circulating haptoglobin Occurs mostly in intravascular haemolysis (i.e. not spleen or liver)
32
What generation cephalosporin is ceftriaxone?
3rd | (strong Gram - cover and some +)
33
What generation cephalosporin is cefazolin?
1st | (used for Gram +)
34
Which antibiotic is used for MRSA?
Vancomycin
35
What are the major adverse effects of aminoglycosides?
Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity *Gentamycin*
36
Why do people with lymphoma get autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
Dysfunctional T cells → failed negative selection → self-reactive B cells against RBCs
37
Why do people with lymphoma have hypogammaglobulinaemia?
Dysfunctional T cells → decreased B cell activation (IL-4) OR Dysfunctional B cells → impaired stimulation of immunoglobulin production
38
Which immunoglobulins are involved in the primary and secondary immune responses?
Primary: IgM (first encounter) Secondary: IgG (subsequent encounters)
39
What is a pannus?
Abnormal layer of fibrovascular/granulation tissue
40
How can a PE lead to a metabolic acidosis?
Hypoxia → lactic acidosis
41
What is an antalgic gait?
A limb that develops to avoid weight-bearing on a leg e.g., sprained ankle
42
What are the indications for hypertonic saline in the treatment of hyponatremia?
Seizures Obtundation (altered level of consciousness) Coma Respiratory distress
43
What causes hypermagnesemia?
Renal failure Rhabdomyolysis (release of Mg from muscles) Magnesium administration e.g., pre-eclampsia
44
What is the function of magnesium?
A calcium antagonist Prevents the intra-cellular movement of calcium *Low Mg → low serum Ca*
45
Which hormone is primarily responsible for phosphate regulation?
PTH ## Footnote *Causes phosphate excretion*

Y4S2 Medicine (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions