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Y4S2 Medicine > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

How do you differentiate T1 and T2 MRIs?

A

T1 - 1 media is bright (fat)

T2 - 2 media are bright (fat and water)

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2
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

Consolidation of information to long-term memory

Spatial memory that enables navigation

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3
Q

What are the features of progressive supranuclear palsy?

A

Postural instability

Frontal lobe abnormalities

Vertical gaze palsy, especially of downward gaze

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4
Q

What are the features of Lewy body dementia?

A

Attention and executive function deficits

Hallucinations

Parkinsonism

Sensitivity to antipsychotics

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5
Q

What are the features of corticobasal syndrome?

A

Dementia

Alien limb phenomenon

Asymmetric motor abnormalities, often initially affecting only one limb

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

Hypertension

(hypertension is a more significant risk factor for stroke than it is cardiac events)

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of spontaneous cerebral haemorrhage in the elderly?

A

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (amyloid deposits form in blood vessels of the CNS)

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage in children?

A

Ruptured arteriovenous malformations

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9
Q

What causes amaurosis fugax?

A

TIA of the internal carotid artery

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10
Q

What is Wallenberg syndrome?

A

Lateral medullary syndrome

Occlusion of the PICA or branches of the vertebral artery

Symptoms include ipsilateral Horner syndrome, palate weakness, hemiataxia, and contralateral sensory disturbances.

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11
Q

What is a cryptogenic stroke?

A

Brain infarction not attributable to a source of definite cardioembolism, large artery atherosclerosis or small artery disease despite thorough vascular, cardiac and serologic evaluation

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12
Q

What is Todd’s paralysis?

A

Postictal weakness or paralysis

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13
Q

What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

A

Anterograde - difficulty forming new memories (hippocampus)

Retrograde - difficulty retrieving old memories (hippocampus, temporal lobe and surrounding structures)

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14
Q

Encephalitis involving the temporal lobe is strongly associated with which pathogen?

A

Herpes simplex meningitis

Also other herpes viruses

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15
Q

Name two ergot-derived dopamine agonists

A
  1. Cabergoline
  2. Pergolide
  3. Bromocriptine
    * Associated with pulmonary and valvular fibrosis*
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16
Q

Name two non-ergot derived dopamine agonists

A
  1. Pramipexole
  2. Rotigotine
  3. Ropinirole
  4. Apomorphine
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17
Q

Name two MOA-B inhibitors

A
  1. Selegiline
  2. Rasagiline
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18
Q

Name and catechol-O-methytransferase inhibitor

A

Entacapone

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of catechol-O-methytransferase inhibitors? (entacapone)

A

Inhibit peripheral breakdown of levodopa

Helps with motor fluctuations associated with levodopa use

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20
Q

What is the mechanism of MAO-B inhibitors?

A

Reduce the breakdown of dopamine

21
Q

What is the most common human prion disease?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

22
Q

Where is pain from fibromyalgia predominantly experienced?

A

“Tender points”, usually where muscles and tendons attach to bone

No notable swelling, deformity or erythema

Laboratory tests are normal as there is no inflammation

23
Q

What are the three prodromal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease?

A
  1. Constipation
  2. REM sleep disturbance
  3. Anosmia
24
Q

What is the classic triad of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  1. Decrementing bradykinesia
  2. Tremor
  3. Rigidity
25
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Disorder of speech - poor articulation and pronunciation

26
Q

What is dysphasia?

A

A disorder of language - impaired selection of words and formulation of sentences

Can be expressive (Broca) or receptive (Wernicke)

27
Q

What is a Jacksonian march?

A

Spread of a focal seizure through the ipsilateral side of the body

28
Q

What is the major adverse effect of vigabatrin?

A

Permanent visual field defects

Perform regular visual testing while on treatment

29
Q

Is pseudobulbar palsy an UMN or LMN lesion?

A

UMN

30
Q

What is affected in pseudobulbar palsy?

A

Corticobulbar tracts

Stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, injury, malignancy

31
Q

If a patient has saccades, where is the lesion?

A

Midline cerebellum

32
Q

How can the C4 myotome be tested?

A

Shoulder shrug

33
Q

How can the C5 myotome be tested?

A

Elbow flexion

Shoulder abduction and external rotation

34
Q

How can the C6 myotome be tested?

A

Wrist extension

35
Q

How can the C7 myotome be tested?

A

Elbow extension and wrist flexion

36
Q

How can the C8 myotome be tested?

A

Thumb extension and finger flexion

37
Q

How can the T1 myotome be tested?

A

Finger abduction

38
Q

How can the L2 myotome be tested?

A

Hip flexion

39
Q

How can the L3 myotome be tested?

A

Knee extension

40
Q

How can the L4 myotome be tested?

A

Ankle dorsiflexion

41
Q

How can the L5 myotome be tested?

A

Great toe extension

42
Q

How can the S1 myotome be tested?

A

Ankle plantarflexion

43
Q

How can the S4 myotome be tested?

A

Bladder and rectum motor supply

44
Q

Which drugs are associated with hyperprolactinemia?

A

1st generation antipsychotics

Risperidone

Metoclopramide/domperidone

Methyldopa

45
Q

Why do dopamine antagonists cause hyperprolactinemia?

A

Dopamine inhibits prolactin

46
Q

What is a decorticate posture?

A
47
Q

What is a decerebrate posture?

A
48
Q

What is the empirical treatment for bacterial meningitis?

A

Ceftriaxone IV

PLUS

Dexamethasone IV

Y4S2 Medicine (18 decks)

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