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Phase 2A (HV) > Miscellaneous- GU > Flashcards

Miscellaneous- GU Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What nephrotoxic drugs should be stopped in AKI

A

NSAIDS
aminoglycosides- gentamicin
ACEIs/ARBs
Diuretics

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2
Q

What drugs should be suspended in AKI

A

Metformin
Lithium
Digoxin

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3
Q

Name 2 complications of CKD

A

Osteomalacia

Renal osteodystrophy

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4
Q

What histology change is seen in membranous glomerulopathy

A

Prominent spike and dome patterns on silver stain

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5
Q

What are the histological changes in IgA nephropathy

A

IgA deposition in the mesangium

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6
Q

What are the signs of nephrotic syndrome

A

Hypoalbuminaemia
Hyperlipidemia
Oedema
Proteinuria (>3g/24hr)

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7
Q

Sings of nephritic syndrome

A

Haematuria
Oliguria
Proteinuria (<3G/24hr)
HTN

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8
Q

Name 5 Nephritic syndromes

A 
IgA Nephropathy
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis 
SLE
Hencoh purpura
Goodpastures
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9
Q

Schistosomiasis is associated with what type of bladder cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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10
Q

List 5 Sx of TCC

A 
Painless haematuria
Weight loss
Frequency 
Urgency 
Night sweats
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11
Q

List 5 rf of tcc

A 
Smoking 
Increase age 
FHx
Aromatic amines/Rubber industry
Male
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12
Q

Gs investigation for TCC

A

Flexible cystoscopy and biopsy

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13
Q

Tx for T0, T1 AND Tcis TCC

A

TURBT and chemo

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14
Q

Tx for T2 and T3 TCC

A

Radical cystectomy and chemo

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15
Q

Tx for T4/TCC

A

Palliative chemo + chronic catherisatioj

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16
Q

Where does bladder cancer metastasise to

A

Bone
Lungs
Liver

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17
Q

What is the treatment for stress incontinence in females

A

Pelvic floor exercises
Duloxetine (concerns for se)
Surgery

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18
Q

Tx for stress incontinence in males

A

Artificial sphincter

Sling

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19
Q

List 5 symptoms for BPH

A 
Increased frequency 
Hesitancy
nocturia 
Post void dribbling 
Urgency
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20
Q

Treatment for mild BPH

A

Watchful waiting

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21
Q

Pharmacological tx for BPH

A

Tamsulosin (alpha blocker)

Finestaride (5 alpha reductase inhibitor)

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22
Q

Surgical tx for BPH

A

TURP

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23
Q

Where is prostate cancer most likely found

A

In the peripheral zone

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24
Q

1st line investigation for prostate cancer

A

Multiparametric MRI

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25
Gs Ix for prostate cancer
Trans rectal ultrasound guided biopsy
26
What hormonal tx is available for the tx of prostate cancer
GnRH agonists- gosrelin Androgen receptor blockers- biculamatide GnRH antagonist- degralix
27
Se of hormonal therapy in prostate cancer
``` Hot flushes Osteoporosis Gynecomastia Diabetes Decreased libido ```
28
3 rf for RCC
Smoking Obesity Hypertension
29
What grading system is used in prostate cancer
Gleason grading
30
What is the most likely cause of epididymo-orchitis in A) under 35 B) over 35
A) sti e.g. chlamydia | B) UTI
31
What nerves innervated the relaxation of the detrusor muscle
Hypogastric nerve (t10-l2)
32
What nerve is responsible for detrusor muscle contraction
Pelvic nerve
33
What are the main causative organisms in UTIs
``` Klebsiella E-coli Enterococci Proteus S.sapprophyticus ```
34
Tx for gonorrhoea
IM ceftriaxone + azithromycin
35
Tx for chlamydia
Doxycycline 7 days
36
Tx for syphyllis
IM benzylpenicilin
37
Which stone is radiolucent on X-ray
Uric acid stones
38
Most common places to find renal stones
Pelvic brim Pelvicoureteric junction Vesicoureteric junction
39
Gs Ix for CKD
eGFR- 2x tests 3 months apart
40
Name 4 tx options for prostate cancer
``` Radical prostectomy TURP Hormone therapy Brachytherapy External beam therapy ```
41
What are the tumour markers for testicular cancer
LDH Alpha fetoprotein Beta HCG
42
Tx for nephrotic syndrome
``` Fluid and salt restriction Loop diuretics Treat cause ACEIs/ARBs Give statins ```
43
Tx for nephritic syndrome
ACEIs/ARBs | Corticosteroids
44
Pharmacological tx for urge incontinence
Anti ACh- oxybutinin
45
What changes can be observed in minimal change disease
Effacement of podocyte foot processes
46
What is the causative Agent in PSG
Group a beta haemolytic strep
47
What is a +ve phren sign and in which disease may it be implicated in
Pain relieved when scrotum elevated Seen in epididymo-orchitis
48
What is klinfelters syndrome
47XXY Tall stature Hypogonadism Gynecomastia Delayed puberty
49
Where are changes seen in BPH
Transitional zone
50
What is the triad associated with pyelonephritis
Unilateral loin pain Fever N+V
51
Most common nephrotic syndrome in adults
Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
52
What is the gs Ix of nephrolithiasis
Non contrast CT KUB
53
What pharmacological drug can be given to aid the removal of stones
Tamsulosin
54
What advice would you give to someone to prevent renal stone formation
Keep hydrated- increase fluid intake Low salt diet Decrease intake of carbonated drinks All lemon juice to water
55
What classification is used to risk stratify AKI
KDIGO Classification Stage 1- x1.5 creatinine levels + >0.5ml/kg an hour for > 6hours Stage 2- x2 creatinine level + <0.5ml/kg and hour for >12 hours Stage 3- x3 creatinine level <0.3ml/kg/hour for >24 hours
56
List 5 causes of AKI
Pre renal- hypovolameia, shock, renal artery stenosis Renal- acute tubular necrosis, acute interstitial necrosis, glomerulonephritis, haemolytic uraemia syndrome. Tumour lysis syndrome, rhbdomyolysis Post renal- BPH, obstruction (renal stone), tumour
57
What ECG changes may you see in AKI
Hyperkalaemia
58
Causes of CKD
``` Diabetes HTN Nephritic and nephrotic syndromes Obstructive uropathy Infections SLE/RA medications ```
59
What investigations may you do in CKD
eGFR Urine dipstick Renal ultrasound
60
What is the management in CKD
Slow progression of disease- diabetic and hypertensive control Reduce CVS risk Exercise, stop smoking Special diet (low sodium, protein, potassium)
61
What is the most common malignancy in men 20-30
Testicular cancer
62
Where does testicular cancer metastasise to
Lungs Lymph nodes of chest Pelvis Base of neck
63
List 4 types of testicular cancer
Seminomas- central nuclei, clear cytoplasm, surrounded by lymphocytes Teratomas- Yolk sac- Schiller duval bodies Choriocarcinoma- cause frequent bleeding, secrete high level of b HCG
64
What is 1st line Ix for testicular cancer
Scrotal uss
65
What is the commonest kidney cancer of childhood
Wilms tumour
66
Sx of kidney cancer
Hameaturia Flank pain Palpable abdo mass
67
What occasion can result in a high PSA level
``` Prostate cancer BPH Prostatitis UTI Exercise Recent ejaculation ```
68
Storage Sx of LUTs
Frequency Urgency Nocturia Dysuria
69
Voiding Sx of LUTs
Straining Hesitancy Incomplete emptying Poor stream
70
Management of ED
Cx- lose weight, stop smoking, education and counselling of patient and partner Rx- 1st line- phosphodiesterase inhibitors- sildenafil 2nd line- intra cavernous injections/ vacuum devices 3rd line- penile prosthesis implantation
71
Rf for Ed
Smoking Obesity Dm Lack of exercise
72
Triad of Sx in urethritis
Dysuria Urethral discharges Urethral puritis
73
1st line tx for pyelonephritis
Cefalexin
74
What is the triad associated with pyelonephritis
N+v Loin pain Fever
75
Which cancers spread to bone
``` Lung Kidney Prostate Thyroid Breast ```
76
What is gs ix for varicocele
Ultrasound with Doppler imaging
77
Where does the right renal vein drain into
IVC
78
1st line tx for Goodpastures
Oral prednisalone
79
1st line tx for minimal change
Corticosteroids
80
Causes of FSGN
``` Idiopathic Secondary to renal pathology HIV- viral infections Obesity Sickle cell Alports Heroin lithium ```
81
Commonest cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide
IgA nephropathy
82
Is membranous nephropathy a nephritic or nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic- ``` Idiopathic- anti M type phospholipase A2 antibody associated Autoimmune Hep b and c Gold lithium Sarcoidosis ```
83
Most common type of PKD
Autosomal dominant PKD type 1
84
Where is the mutation found for A- ADPKD type 1 B- ADPKD type 2
Chromosome 16 | Chromosome 4
85
What gene is found to be defected in ARPKD
Fibrocystin
86
Sx of PKD
``` Renal cysts HTN Hamaturia Abdominal/flank pain Headaches Cyst in liver and pancreas Berry aneurysms Murmurs ```
87
1st line Ix for PKD
Renal ultrasound
88
What drug can slow down disease progression in PKD
Tolvaptan (vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist)
89
What advice should be give to this with diagnosed chlamydia and gonorrhoea
Abstain from sex for 7 days Refer to GUM for contact tracing and informing sexual partners Advice on safe sex Test and treat for any other STIs
90
What condition is associated with hydroceles and may require surgery
Inguinal hernias

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