Miscellaneous- IMS + Immunology Flashcards by Humairaa Asmal

What is the definition of inflammation

A local physiological response to tissue injury

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Name 3 processes that happen at the end of acute inflammation

Resolution
Suppuration
Organisation
Progression to chronic inflammation

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Causes of chronic inflammation

Primary chronic inflammation
Transplant reflection
Progression form acute
Recurrent inflammation

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Give the name of a
A- malignant neoplasm of connective tissues
B- malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelial tissue
C- benign neoplasm of epithelial glandular tissue
D- benign neoplasm of non glandular epithelial tissue

A- Sarcoma
B- adenocarcinoma
C- adenoma
D- papilloma

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Define a Granuloma

Aggregation of epithelioid histocytes

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What is the sequence of neoplasm metastasis

Detachment 
Invasion of surrounding CT
Intravasation into lumen of vessels 
Evade host defences
Adhere to CT in remote location and extravasation 
Tumour cell proliferation 
Angiogenesis

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List the cancers that metastasise to bone

Lung, kidney, breast, thyroid, prostate

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Definition of neoplasm

A lesion resulting form the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after initial stimulus has been removed

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What are the routes of metastases

Blood
Lymph nodes
Transcoeloemic

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What are the promoters of apoptosis

BAX and BAK

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What are the inhibitors of apoptosis

BCL2 and BCL-XL

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What is the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis

Binding of FAS-L and TNF alpha to it receptors — releasing initiator caspases and causing cell death

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What is carcinoma in situ

A cancer That does not invade basement membrane

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What is necrosis

Traumatic cell death which induces inflammation and repair- affects surrounding tissue

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What is the pathway of neutrophil polymorph emigration

Margination
Adhesion
Emigration
Diapedesis

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List 3 causes of acute inflammation

Microbial infections
Hypersensitivity reactions 
Chemicals
Bacterial toxins 
Physical agent

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Cells involved in chronic inflamma and acute inflammation

Chronic- lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells

Acute- neutrophils and monocytes

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Macroscopic appearance of chronic inflammation

Ulcer
Abscess cavity
Granulamatous inflammation
Fibrosis

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Which Ab found in mucosal surfaces

IgA

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Tx for arterial thrombus

Anti-platelet e.g. aspirin

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Tx for venous thrombus

Anti-coagulant- e.g.warfarin

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List 3 characteristics of an arterial thrombus

Platelet rich
Loss of pulse distal to thrombus
Cold, painful, pale
Possible complications- stroke, MI, gangrene

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List characteristics of a venous thrombus

RBC rich
Tender
Red, warm

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What cells are most vulnerable to ischameia

Carciomyocytes and cerebral neurons

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What organs are least affected by infarction and why

Liver, lungs and brain- have dual blood supply

What is dysplasia

Morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to being cancer

How do phagocytes identify pathogens

Via PAMPs (pattern associated molecular pattern) located on phagocytes

List 3 differences between innate and adaptive immunity

Innate- non specific, fast, no memory Adaptive- specific, slow, memory

HIV can be measured by which cell type and what level indicates AIDS

CD4+ cell count | AIDS= CD4 <200

Name 3 groups at risk of contracting HIV

Men who have sex with men Commercial sex workers IVDU

Give 3 types of APCs

Dendritic cells B cells Macrophages

What T cells are associated with A- cell mediated B- humoral

A- TH1 and Tc | B- TH2

What MHC class proteins can be found on A- CD8 B- CD4

A- I | B- II

What are the 3 complement systems

A- classical- activates due to Ab-Ag complex B- mannose binding lectin- MBL binds to carbohydrate on pathogen C- alternative- C3 directly acts on pathogens

What complement make up the MAC complex

C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9

Name the primary lymphoid organs

Bone marrow and thymus

Name the secondary lymphoid organs

Lymph nodes and spleen

What is the most common marker on T cells

CD3

Name 2 anti-inflammatory cytokines

IL10 and IL4

Cell marker on NKC

CD56

Cell markers on B cells

CD19 and Cd20

Cell markers on macrophages

CD14 and CD40

Name 2 promoters of angiogenesis

Vascular endothelial growth factor | Fibroblast growth factorn

What cells exhibit MHC I

All nucleated cells (not RBCs- no nucleus)

Where are hobfaeur cells found

Placenta

What cytokines do macrophages release

IL1, IL6, IL8, IL10 and TNF-A

What cytokines do TH1 cells release

IL2, IFN-G

What cytokines do TH2 release

IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10

What cytokines promotes neutrophil chemotaxis

IL8

What cytokines stimulates eosinophil production

IL5

What cytokines activates NKC and differentiation of naive T cells

IL12

Give an example of live vaccine

TB, Polio, MMR

Which antibody is of pentameric form

IgM

Which antibody can cross placental

IgG

What are the 7 hallmarks of cancer

``` Evade apoptosis Ignore anti-proliferation signals Growth and self sufficiency Limitless replication potential Sustained angiogenesis Invade surrounding tissue Escape immune surveillance ```

List 5 features of an ideal vaccine

``` Safe Induces suitable immune response Shouldn’t require boosters Generates immunological memory Stable and easy to transport ```

List one advantage and one disadvantage of live vaccines

+ve- very efficient, immunological memory, only require 1 -ve- needs to be refrigerated, immunocompromised may be become I’ll

List one advantage and disadvantage of non-live vaccines

+ve- no risk of infection, storage less critical -ve- weak response, booster required

3 advantages of active immunity

Induces immunological memory Produces high affinity Abs Produces persistent protection

Advantage and disadvantage of passive immunity

+ve- immediate effect -ve- short term

What is the role of TLR4 agonists

Vaccine adjuvant

List 3 receptors that make up PRRs

TLR- sends signals to nucleus to induce apoptosis Nod-LR- detect intracellular microbial pathogens Rig-LR- detect intracellular double stranded dna

Mutation in NOD-2 results in

Crohn’s disease

What TLR are intracellular

3,7,8,9

What repeats are found in TLRs

Leucine rich repeats

What does TLR 2 detect

Lipoteichoic acid and TB

What does TLR 4 detect

LPS

What does TLR 5 detect

Detects flagellin

What does TLR 7 detect

Single strand rna

What does TLR 9 detect

Unmethylated nucleotide motifs (cpg)

Miscellaneous- IMS + Immunology Flashcards

(70 cards)