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Mitosis Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Types of tumour

A

Malignant
Benign

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2
Q

What is mitosis usually used for

A

1) increase size of tissue during development
2) replace dead and worn out cells

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3
Q

Interphase

A

First stage
Cell grows
DNA replicates
Normal condition of cell

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4
Q

Prophase

A

Second stage
DNA supercoils
Chromosomes condense
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Centrioles migrate to poles
Spindle fibres form

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5
Q

Metaphase

A

Third stage
Chromosomes line up centrosomes on equator of cell
Centromeres attach to spindle fibres

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6
Q

Anaphase

A

Fourth stage
Centromeres breaks down
Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles
Spindle fibres shorten

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7
Q

Telophase and cytokinesis

A

Fifth stage
Telophase = nuclear membrane reform, chromosomes disperse, cytokinesis begins
Cytokinesis = cytoplasm divides

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8
Q

Mitosis in prokaryotic cells name

A

Binary fission

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9
Q

Binary fission in bacteria

A

Replication of DNA
Replication of plasmids
Division of cytoplasm

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10
Q

What phase does DNA replication occur

A

Interphase

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11
Q

Cytokinesis is what

A

Division of cytoplasm to produce two identical daughter cells

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12
Q

What does binary fission involve

A

Replication of circular DNA and plasmids
Division of cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells, each with one copy of circular DNA and many plasmids

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13
Q

Virus cell division

A

Non-living things don’t undergo cell division
Infected host replicated virus particles

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14
Q

Mitosis importance

A

Growth = haploid cells fuse to form diploid cell, cells grow from original cell so they are identical.
Repair = damaged or die new cells produced to replace those lost
Reproduction = single-celled organisms divide by mitosis to form new organism

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15
Q

Method of required practical

A

1) Garlic root grow by suspending on water for a week or two
2) 1M of HCL acid in boiling tube, placing in 60C water both for 10 mins
3) Remove tips of rots and place in warm HCL acid for 5 mins
4) Rinse tips with cold water using pipette, blot to dry with paper towel
5) Cut 2mm off tip and place on microscope slide
6) Add drop of warm acetic orcein to stain purple
7) Gently squash root tip on glass slide using mounting needle
8) View and count cells undergoing mitosis on microscope

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16
Q

How to calculate mitotic index

A

No. of cells with chromosomes / total no. of cells

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17
Q

Meiosis prophase 1

A

DNA condenses and becomes visible as chromosomes
Homologous pairs pair up
Crossing over occurs
Centrioles migrate to opposite poles
Spindle is formed
Nuclear envelope breaks down

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18
Q

Meiosis metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs line up at equator
Spindle fibres attach to centromeres

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19
Q

Meiosis Anaphase 1

A

Chromosomes/homologous pairs are separated and pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibres

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20
Q

Meiosis telophase 1

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A

Chromosomes reach poles
Spindle fibres start to break down

21
Q

metaphase 2

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A

Chromosomes line up in single file at the equator

22
Q

anaphase 2

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A

chromatids and separated by spindle fibres and pulled to opposite poles
Centromeres divide

23
Q

telophase 2

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A

chromosomes reach poles
Nuclear envelopes form

24
Q

meiosis cytokinesis

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A

Cytoplasm divides
produces 4 gametes with half the number of chromosomes the parent cell had

25
How does variation occur
Homologous pairs cross over chromatids break chromatids join the other chromosomes in the homologous pairs
26
Describe binary fission in bacteria.
Replication of (circular) DNA Replication of plasmids Division of cytoplasm
27
Where does growth in plants occur
Root tip meristem
28
Mitosis practical method
1) remove garlic tips of roots and place in ethanolic alcohol 2) place tips ni warm dilute hydrochloric acid 3) Place on microscope slide 4) Add suitable stain using pipette 5) place coverslip on top of root tip and press down firmly using paper towel
29
Mitotic index equation
mitotic index = number of cells with visible chromosomes ÷ total number of cells
30
What are carcinogens
Agents that may cause cancer
31
Stages in development of cancer
1) Oncogenes (mutated genes that cause cancer) arise due to carcinogens 2) Cancerous cell does not respond to signals from other cells so continues to divide 3) Mitosis 4) Cancerous cells not removed by immune system 5) rapid mitosis 6) Tumour gets larger 7) Tumour supplied with blood and lymph vessels. If it is a malignant tumour, tumour cells spread in bloo and lymph to other parts of the body 8) Metastasis, tumour cells invade other tissues formign other cancers
32
CAncer treatments
Methotrexate = inhibits synthesis of DNA nucleotides in cells Vincritstine and taxol = prevent formation og mitotic spindke
33
What is a virus
Non cellular infectious particles that straffle the boundary between living and non living
34
Viral replication by injecting nucleic acid into a host cell process
1) Virus uses attachment proteins on its surface to bind to complementary receptor proteins on surface of a host cell 2) Virus injects DNA or RNA into host cell 3) Host cell uses nucleic acid and protein building machinery to produce new viral particles
35
Process of viral replication
1) Attachment = virus attaches to surface of host cell 2) entry = viral DNA/RNA enters hsot cell 3) Replication = viral DNA/RNA replicates and new viral proteins are made 4) Assembly = new viral particles are assembled 5) release = host cell lyses (bursts) releasing newly made viruses
36
Label the cell cycle circle
https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/w=1920,f=auto/uploads/2021/01/The-cell-cycle.png
37
Label the cell cycle circle
https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/w=1920,f=auto/uploads/2021/01/The-cell-cycle.png
38
What are the three stages of the cell cycle
Interphase Nuclear division (mitosis) Cell division (cytokinesis)
39
What is the cell cycle definition
Regulated sequence of events that occurs between one cell division and the next
40
What variable does the length of the cell cycle depend on
Environmental conditions Cell type Organism
41
What are cyclins
Movement from one phase to another is triggered by chemical signals called cyclins
42
What occurs during interphase
Cell increases mass and size Protein synthesis Replicated DNA
43
What phase is interpahse
G1 phase S phase G2 phase
44
What does G1 phase do
Cell grows and receives signal to divide Protein synthesis Production of organelles Produces RNA Monitors cellular environment to see if it can enter S phase
45
What does the S phase do
DNA synthesis Relatively short
46
WHat happens during G2 phase
Further cell grwoth Error checking of newly synthesised DNA E.g. Tubulin protein produced to make spingle fibres
47
What phase is nuclear division
M phase Cell growth stops
48
What occurs during cytokinesis
Cell divides and one nucleus moves into each cell to create two geneticall identical daughter cells Constriction of cytoplasm

Biology (57 decks)

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