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Biology > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What does nucleotide structure look like

A

Circle attached to pentagon attached to rectangle

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2
Q

What is the circle in the DNA structure

A

Phosphate

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3
Q

What is the pentagon in a nucleotide

A

Pentose sugar

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4
Q

What does a nucleotide contain

A

Phosphate
Pentose sugar
Organic base

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5
Q

Name the bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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6
Q

Which bases pair up together

A

Adenine and Thymine
Cytosine and Guanine

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7
Q

What is the rectangle in a DNA structure

A

Organic base

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8
Q

What reaction forms the nucleotide together

A

Condensation

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9
Q

Bond, formed between the phosphate, pentose sugar and base

A

Phosphodiester bond

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10
Q

Whats a dinucleotide

A

2 nucleotides

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11
Q

What is RNA

A

Single polypeptide chain instead of a double helix

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12
Q

Pentose sugar in RNA called

A

Ribose

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13
Q

Pentose sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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14
Q

Base in RNA

A

Uracil

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15
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

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16
Q

What is mRNA

A

Messenger
Used in protein synthesis

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17
Q

What is rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA
Part of ribosomes

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18
Q

What is tRNA

A

Transfer RNA
Used to make proteins at ribosomes

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19
Q

Shape of mRNA

A

Curly line

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20
Q

Shape of tRNA and why

A

Clover leaf shape
Hydrogen bonds form due to some sections of the tRNA complementary to base pairing

21
Q

Role of ATP

A

Transfers energy

22
Q

How is DNA stable

A

Backbone = protects bases inside double helix
Hydrogen bonds = form bridges between phosphodiester uprights

23
Q

How ATP is formed from ADP

A

Rectange pentagon P - P + Pi

<=>

Rectange pentagon P - P - P +H2O

24
Q

Forward and backward reaction in formation of ATP

A

ADP => ATP = ATP catalyses reaction
ATP => ADP = ATP hydrolase catalyses

25
Q

What does DNA and RNA do

A

DNA = holds genetic information
RNA = transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

26
Q

What are ribosomes formed from

A

RNA and proteins

27
Q

What bond forms when a condensation reaction between two nucleotides takes place

A

Phosphodiester

28
Q

Bond between two polynucleotide chains

A

Hydrogen between base pairs

29
Q

Process of semi-conservative replication of DNA

A

1) double helix unwinds
2) Hydrogen bonds break between complementary bases in polynucleotide strands using DNA helicase
3) new DNA nucleotides attracted to exposed bases on template strands, base pairing occurs
4) DNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides

30
Q

What do the enzymes dna helicase and dna polymerase do

A

DNA helicase = unwinds dna and breaks h2 bonds
DNA polymerase = joins adjacent nucleotides

31
Q

The conservative and semi-conservative model by who

A

Watson-Crick model
Watson and Crick

32
Q

Conservative model

A

Original dna molecule remained intact and that a separate daughter dna copy was built from new molecules

33
Q

Semi conservative

A

Original dna molecule splits into two separate strands each replicated mirror image

34
Q

What is the phosphate released during hydrolysis of ATP used for

A

Phosphorylate other compounds

35
Q

What happens when you hydrolyse atp to adp

A

Inorganic phosphate group is catalysed by ATP hydrolase

36
Q

What does atp hydrolase do

A

Catalyse hydrolysis of atp -> adp

37
Q

How to form atp

A

Condensation reaction of ADP and Pi

38
Q

Structure of atp and how its drawn

A

Adenine
Ribose
Phosphates
Three phosphates attachment to ribose
Adenine attached to ribose
Same structure as dna

39
Q

What are each of atp’s components

A

Adenine = nitrogen containing organic base
Ribose = sugar molecule acts as a backbone
Phosphates = chain of three phosphate

40
Q

Describe the bonds between the phosphate groups

A

Unstable
Have low activation energy
Easily broken

41
Q

equation for forming adp

A

ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) + E (energy)

42
Q

what is this reaction catalysed by

A

Atp hydrolase

43
Q

Three ways synthesis of ATP from ADP happens

A

1) In chlorophyll-containing plant cells during photosynthesis
2) Plant and animal cells during respiration
3) Plant and animal cells during substrate-level phosphorylation

44
Q
A
45
Q

When is ATP used

A

1) metabolic processes = provides energy to build macromolecules from basic units e.g. starch
2) movement = energy for muscle contraction
3) active transport = shapes carrier proteins in plasma membranes allowing molecules to move against conc gradient
4) secretion = form lysosomes for secretion
5) activation of molecules = inorganic phosphate released during hydrolysisused to phosphorylate other molecules

46
Q

Bond between two bases

A

hydrogen

47
Q

bond between deoxyribose and phosphate group

A

phosphodiester

48
Q

Describe the whole process of semi-conservative replication

A

1) DNA helicase separates two strands of DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds that join complementary bases
2) Free nucleotides are that are activated are joined by DNA polymerase making phosphodiester bonds. Remaining unpaired bases continue to attract complementary nucleotides
3) Nucleotides join to form complete polynucleotide chain using DNA polymerase. Two identical strands of DNA are formed, each strand contains half of original DNA strand

49
Q

Energy requiring processes in cells

A

Metabolic process
Movement = muscle contraction
Active transport
Secretion = form lysosomes
Activation of molecules = phosphorylate other compounds to make them reaction, lowering activation energy in enzyme-catalysed reactions

Biology (54 decks)

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