Mitosis and cancer

Question 0

Substance between cell membrane and nucleus containing organelles

Answer 0

Cytoplasm

Question 1

One cells cell cycle starts… and ends..

Answer 1

• Starts when the cell forms
• Ends when as a mature cell it divides into two daughter cells

Question 2

Two main phases of the cell cycle

Answer 2

Interphase

Mitosis

Question 3

Phase in which DNA is replicated

Answer 3

Interphase

Question 4

Chromosomes of DNA that has replicated consist of…

Answer 4

• Two sister chromatids
• Joined by a centromere

Question 5

Two sister chromatids constitute one…

Answer 5

Chromosome

Question 6

Features of a cell in interphase prior to mitosis

Answer 6

1. Cell growth
2. DNA replication
3. More growth and preparation for cell division

Question 7

A small cell versus a large cell’s surface to volume ratio

Answer 7

• Small cell: large surface area to volume ratio
• Large cell: small surface area to volume ratio

Question 8

A small surface area to volume ration forces the cell to…

Answer 8

Divide into two daughter cells

Question 9

Time for typical mitosis phase to take place

Answer 9

1-2 hours

Question 10

After cell division, the fate of the daughter cells

Answer 10

• One often grows and divides again
• The other usually changes to form a specialized cell (tissue)

Question 11

Why cells divide

Answer 11

Growth

Repair

Reproduction (asexual)

Question 12

Region in plants where cell division occurs

Answer 12

• Apical meristem (tips of roots, shoots and buds)
• Lateral meristem (under bark)

Question 13

Division of the cytoplasm

Answer 13

Cytokinesis

Question 14

Mitosis

Answer 14

Division of the nucleus

Question 15

Early prophase

Answer 15

• DNA becomes visible as chromosomes
• Centrosomes made of two centrioles moving towards cell poles
• Microtubule structures start to form spindle
• Nucleolus disappears

Question 16

Late prophase / prometaphase

Answer 16

• Nuclear membrane disintegrates
• Microtubules attach themselves to the chromosomes
• Spindle apparatus formed
• Chromosomes start to move towards equator

Question 17

Metaphase

Answer 17

• Nuclear membrane disintegrated
• Centrosomes pull on chromosomes using spindle (tug of war)
• Chromosomes lined up along equator

Question 18

Anaphase

Answer 18

• Centromeres cleave
• Sister chromosomes split to form daughter chromosomes
• Daughter chromosomes pulled by microtubules towards opposite spindle poles
• Polar microtubules elongate cell

Question 19

Telophase

Answer 19

• Daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles
• New nuclear membrane forms around each set
• Nucleolus reforms

(Not part of mitosis but at the same time cytokinesis occurs)

Question 20

Mode of cytokinesis in animal cells

Answer 20

Cleavage furrow

Question 21

Mode of cytokinesis in plant cells

Answer 21

Cell plate formed separating daughter nuclei

Question 22

Cancer

Answer 22

A broad group of diseases involving unregulated cell growth

Question 23

Cancer cells appear different to normal cells

Answer 23

Little cytoplasm

Multiple nuclei

Coarse chromatin

Question 24

Different types of cancer

Answer 24

Carcinoma - epithelial tissue Sarcoma - connective tissue Leukemia - blood/bone marrow Blastoma - other stem/precurser cells

Question 25

Causes of cancer

Answer 25

Genetic (5-10%) Tobacco (25-30%) Diet and obesity (30-35%) Infections (15-20%) Radiation (10%) Stress, lack of exercise and pollution

Question 26

Types of tumor

Answer 26

Benign Malignant

Question 27

Benign tumors

Answer 27

Stay at one site Don't spread

Question 28

Malignant tumors

Answer 28

Cancer cells spread Other organs affected

Question 29

Cancer metastasis

Answer 29

Cancer cells affect organs and tissues different from cancer origin

Question 30

Cancer treatments

Answer 30

Surgery Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Complementary therapy

Question 31

Cancer surgery

Answer 31

Remove cancer cells with scalpel or laser

Question 32

Chemotherapy

Answer 32

Chemicals that kill cancer cells Chemicals that stop DNA from making new cells

Question 33

Radiotherapy

Answer 33

Using radiation to target cancer cells

Question 34

Prevent cancer by avoiding

Answer 34

Tobacco Obesity Insufficient diet Physical inactivity Alcohol STI's Air pollution

Question 35

Complementary cancer therapy

Answer 35

Alternative treatments not affecting each other or affecting prescribed medical treatment Usually aim to treat or relieve symptoms E.g. Traditional medicines E.g. Prayer/ positive thinking techniques

Question 36

Traditional medicines used to treat cancer

Answer 36

Cancer bush tea African wild potato Both believed to strengthen immune system