Mitosis and cancer (original)

Question 1

Why do cells want to be small?

Answer 1

To maintain a big surface area to volume ratio
facilitate the movement of materials in and out of the cell across the plasma membrane.

Question 2

What happens when a cell becomes too large?

Answer 2

The cell will divide into 2 cells called daughter cells.

Question 3

What is cell division?

Answer 3

The process where a cell divides into 2 new daughter cells.

Question 4

Do unicellular and multicellular organisms divide the same way?

Answer 4

No, they do not divide exactly the same way.

Question 5

What type of organisms are unicellular?

Answer 5

Prokaryotes, such as bacteria.

Question 6

What type of organisms are multicellular?

Answer 6

Eukaryotes, including plants, animals, and fungi.

Question 7

How do prokaryotes divide?

Answer 7

Through a process called Binary Fission.

Question 8

What is Binary Fission?

Answer 8

The process where a prokaryote duplicates its DNA and divides to form 2 new cells that are identical to the original cell.

Question 9

In which organisms does binary fission occur?

Answer 9

Only in bacteria (prokaryotes).

Question 10

What is the primary storage location of DNA in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 10

The nucleus.

Question 11

How is DNA organized in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 11

Wrapped up into structures called chromatin and chromosomes.

Question 12

Define chromatin.

Answer 12

Long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins.

Question 13

Where is chromatin found?

Answer 13

In the nucleus of cells.

Question 14

What do chromatin structures wrap up into?

Answer 14

Chromosomes.

Question 15

What is the composition of chromatin?

Answer 15

Protein, RNA, and DNA.

Question 16

Define chromosomes.

Answer 16

Structures that are packages of DNA.

Question 17

What do chromosomes carry?

Answer 17

Genetic information to be passed from one generation to the next.

Question 18

How many chromosomes are found in human somatic cells?

Answer 18

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.

Question 19

How many chromosomes are found in human sex cells?

Answer 19

23 chromosomes, with no pairs.

Question 20

What are sister chromatids?

Answer 20

The two halves of the chromosome, each an exact copy of the other.

Question 21

What is the function of the centromere?

Answer 21

A structure that holds the two sister chromatids together.

Question 22

What is the cell cycle?

Answer 22

A cycle of cell growth and division.

Question 23

What occurs during the cell cycle?

Answer 23

The cell grows, prepares to divide, and divides into two new daughter cells.

Question 24

What are the two major parts of the cell cycle?

Answer 24

• INTERPHASE
• MITOSIS

Question 25

What happens during interphase?

Answer 25

A period of cell growth and DNA replication.

Question 26

What occurs during mitosis?

Answer 26

A period of cell division.

Question 27

When would you want to increase cell growth and division?

Answer 27

Healing a wound and embryonic growth (growing a baby).

Question 28

What is cancer?

Answer 28

Cancer is uncontrolled cell division caused by defects in the proteins that help control cell growth.

Question 29

What are some causes of cancer?

Answer 29

smoking, chewing tobacco, radiation exposure, other defective genes, chemical exposure, carcinogens (anything that causes cancer).

Question 30

How do cancer cells spread?

Answer 30

by forming masses of tissue ,*tumors*, which block nutrients from reaching healthy cells, and via a process called *metastasis* where cancer enters the bloodstream and spreads to other parts of the body.

Question 31

How can your body stop a cell from becoming cancerous?

Answer 31

During Interphase, the cell goes through checkpoints that stop unhealthy cells from entering mitosis.

Question 32

What are the differences between benign and malignant tumors?

Answer 32

Benign tumors are not cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumors are cancerous and harmful.

Question 33

What is apoptosis?

Answer 33

a process of programmed cell death, a cell destroys itself if it doesn't pass the checkpoint inspection during Interphase.

Question 34

What are the three parts of Interphase?

Answer 34

1.) G1 Phase: Cell grows and proteins are made, 2.) S Phase: Cell duplicates its chromosomes and DNA is made, 3.) G2 Phase: Cell prepares to divide.

Question 35

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Answer 35

The four phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (PMAT).

Question 35

What role do growth factors play in cell growth?

Answer 35

Growth factors are special proteins that direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle, controlling cell growth and division.