Mitral Valve Abnormalities Flashcards
(27 cards)
What are the two subtypes of this anomaly?
Supramitral variant and intramitral variant
These variants describe different locations and characteristics of membranes associated with the mitral valve.
Where is the supramitral type located?
Just above the mitral valve annulus but inferior to the left atrial appendage
This type is distinct and not adherent to the mitral valve leaflets.
What is the typical condition of the mitral valve apparatus in the supramitral variant?
Otherwise normal
The supramitral variant does not typically affect the function of the mitral valve apparatus.
Describe the location of the intramitral variant.
Within the mitral tunnel, closely adherent to the valve leaflets
This positioning can lead to various mitral valve abnormalities.
What abnormalities are associated with the intramitral variant?
- Restricted mobility of the mitral leaflets
- Reduced chordal length
- Reduced interpapillary muscle distance
- Single papillary muscle
- Hypoplastic mitral annulus
These abnormalities can significantly impact the function of the mitral valve.
What complex is the intramitral type frequently part of?
Shone complex
The Shone complex is characterized by multiple levels of left heart obstruction.
What conditions may be present in the Shone complex?
- Aortic arch hypoplasia or coarctation
- Aortic valve stenosis
- Subaortic stenosis
These conditions contribute to the overall complexity of left heart obstructive lesions.
What condition can develop as an acquired lesion after mitral annuloplasty?
Supravalvar mitral stenosis
This can occur late after surgery intended to repair mitral regurgitation.
What is a mitral valve arcade?
A direct connection of the papillary muscles to the mitral leaflets, either directly or through unusually shortened chordae.
What happens to the mitral valve cords in a mitral valve arcade?
They appear thickened and shortened, reducing intercordal spaces and leading to abnormal leaflet excursion.
What conditions can arise from a mitral valve arcade?
Varying degrees of mitral stenosis and regurgitation.
What occurs when the space between abnormal chordae is completely obliterated?
A fibrous (muscular) bridge (band) joins the two papillary muscles.
What is the most severe form of a mitral valve arcade?
No chordae tendinae at all, with papillary muscles directly fused with the free edge of the leaflet.
What does echocardiography show in a mitral valve arcade?
Shortened chordae with restricted leaflet excursion and limited coaptation.
What does Color Doppler reveal in cases of mitral valve arcade?
Multiple turbulent inflow jets through reduced interchordal spaces with varying degrees of mitral regurgitation and stenosis.
Fill in the blank: Optimal echocardiographic views for mitral valve arcade include _______.
Parasternal long axis, Parasternal short axis (mitral valve face view), Apical 4 chamber, Apical 5 chamber.
True or False: The mitral valve arcade can progress over time.
True.
What is mitral valve prolapse?
An abnormality in the mitral valve that may result from issues in the mitral valve apparatus
What components of the mitral valve apparatus can be abnormal in mitral valve prolapse?
Leaflets, chordae, or papillary muscles
What happens to the mitral valve during systole in mitral valve prolapse?
The mitral leaflet may billow or buckle into the left atrium
What commonly causes mitral valve prolapse?
Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve leaflets and chordae tendinae
How does the severity of mitral regurgitation relate to mitral valve prolapse?
It depends on the severity of prolapse and the disruption to leaflet coaptation
Can mitral valve prolapse be idiopathic?
Yes, it can be idiopathic
What are some genetic disorders associated with mitral valve prolapse?
- Marfan syndrome
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- Adult polycystic kidney disease
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
- SLE
- Polyarteritis nodosa
- Muscular dystrophies
