Mixed

Question 0

The superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain lymph from which structures?

Answer 0

All cutaneous structures below the umbilicus except for the posterior calf (which drains to the popliteal lymph nodes), including the scrotum, vulvae, and the anal canal up to the pectinate line.

Question 1

Mech of calcineurin inhibitors in preventing graft rejection.

Answer 1

Prevent cytokine production in Th cells.

Question 2

Where are the superficial inguinal lymph nodes located?

Answer 2

In the femoral triangle, deep to the Camper’s fascia.

Question 3

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

Answer 3

Sartorius m., adductor longus m., inguinal ligament (SAIL).

Question 4

What part of the male urethra is most likely to be injured following a pelvic fracture?

Answer 4

posterior urethra, prostatic

Question 5

What part of the male urethra is most likely to be injured following a fall onto a bicycle cross bar?

Answer 5

Anterior urethra

Question 6

Which lymph nodes drain the ovaries and testes?

Answer 6

paraaortic (abdominal aorta)

Question 7

An imperforate anus is most commonly associated with malformations of what system?

Answer 7

Urogenital

Question 8

What rare syndrome of many congenital anomalies is associated w/ imperforate anus?

Answer 8

VACTERL syndrome
Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac anomalies
Tracheoesophageal fisula
Esophageal atresia
Renal anomalies
Limb anomalies

Question 9

What enzyme is defective in phenylketonuria?

Answer 9

phenylalanine hydroxylase

Question 10

What does the defective enzyme in PKU normally do?

Answer 10

converts Phe to Tyr

Question 11

An intracranial calcified mass is found on MRI and resected. It is found to be cystic and filled with a thick brown fluid rich in cholesterol. What do you call this cyst and from what embryological structure is it derived?

Answer 11

Craniopharyngioma - form Rathke’s pouch

Question 12

In Fragile X syndrome there is a mutation on the long arm of the X chromosome. What is this mutation?

Answer 12

> 200 CGG repeats in the FMR1 (familial mental retardation 1) - causes hypermethylation and inactivation of the gene. (NO chromosomal instability!)

Question 13

What are superficial blanching nests of distended capillaries in sun-exposed areas?

Answer 13

telangiectasias

Question 14

What is the third main feature in Ataxia Telangiectasia (aside from the cerebellar and skin problems)?

Answer 14

IgA deficiency –> increased susceptibility to sinopulmonary infections.

Question 15

What does the ATM gene code for?

Answer 15

DNA repair enzymes

Question 16

What kind of ACh receptors are present in the motor end plate?

Answer 16

nicotinic

Question 17

Name the calcineurin inhibitors.

Answer 17

Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and primecrolimus

Question 18

What normal brain structure is derived from Rathke’s pouch? It is derived from which embryological layer?

Answer 18

anterior pituitary; ectoderm

Question 19

What are the only 2 enzymes that require B12 that you must know?

Answer 19

Homocysteine methyltransferase (Met synthase) and Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.

Question 20

What is the function of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase?

Answer 20

Converts MM-CoA to Succinyl-CoA in the catabolism of odd-chain FAs and branched aa’s, as well as a few other substances.

Question 21

What are the 4 parts of the male urethra?

Answer 21

Posterior: pre-prostatic (w/in bladder wall) & prostatic.
Anterior: membanous (thru external sphincter) & spongy (penile)

Question 22

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?

Answer 22

membranous urethra (thru external urethral sphincter)