MIXTURE

Question 1

When dividing the abdominal cavity into 4 regions what is the name of the horizontal plane?
At what vertebral level does it cross?

Answer 1

Transumbillical plane

Umbillicus - L3/4

Question 2

What are the 9 abdominal regions?

Answer 2

R Hypochondrium, Epigastrium, L Hypochondrium
R Lumbar, Umbillicus, L Lumbar
R Inguinal, Hypogastrium, L Inguinal

Question 3

What are the 2 horizontal planes separating the 9 regions?

Where do they pass through?

Answer 3

Subcostal - T10

Transtubecular - iliac tubercules

Question 4

What are the vertical planes passing separating the 9 regions?

Answer 4

Midclavicular

Question 5

What are the boundaries of the foregut?

Answer 5

Oesophagus –> 2nd part of duodenum

Question 6

What are the boundaries of the midgut?

Answer 6

2nd part of duodenum –> 2/3rds transverse colon

Question 7

What are the boundaries of the hindgut?

Answer 7

distal 1/3rd of transverse colon –> upper anal canal

Question 8

What are the 4 layers of the abdominal wall from outwards to in?

Answer 8

Skin
Superficial fascia
Muscle
Parietal peritoneum

Question 9

Where does external oblique originate from?

Answer 9

Ribs 5-12

Question 10

Where does internal oblique originate from?

Answer 10

Inguinal ligament

Question 11

Which flat muscle is deepest?

Answer 11

Transversus abdominis

Question 12

What are the 2 vertical muscles?

Answer 12

Rectus abdominis

Pyramidalis

Question 13

What splits rectus abdominis into 2?

Answer 13

Linea alba

Question 14

What makes up the lateral borders of rectus abdominis?

Answer 14

Linea semilunaris

Question 15

In which plane does the neurovascular bundle supplying rectus sheath lie?

Answer 15

Plane between internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Question 16

Above the umbillicus level what lies anterior to rectus abdominis?

Answer 16

ApoN of EO

Anterior lamina of IO

Question 17

Above the umbillicus level what lies posterior to rectus abdominis?

Answer 17

Posterior lamina of IO
Transversus abdominis
Transversalis fascia

Question 18

Below the umbillicus level what lies anterior to rectus abdominis?

Answer 18

ApoN of EO
Apo N of IO
Transversus abdominis

Question 19

Below the umbillicus level what lies posterior to rectus abdominis?

Answer 19

Transveralis fascia

Question 20

What is the arcuate line?

Answer 20

Transition between above and below umbillicus

Question 21

Which nerves supply muscle, skin and parietal peritoneum?

Answer 21

Thoracabdominal T7-11
Subcostal T12
Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric L1

Question 22

What do T7-9 supply?

Answer 22

Upper region of abdominal wall

Question 23

What does T10 supply?

Answer 23

Umbillical region

Question 24

What does T11 supply?

Answer 24

Lower region of abdominal wall

Question 25

What does T12 supply?

Answer 25

Region just inferior to umbillicus

Question 26

What does L1 supply?

Answer 26

Skin

Question 27

Where does the inguinal region extend between?

Answer 27

ASIS --> pubic symphysis

Question 28

Where does the inguinal ligament extend between?

Answer 28

ASIS --> pubic tubercule

Question 29

What passes through the inguinal canal?

Answer 29

Ilioinguinal nerve Round ligament of the uterus Spermatic cord

Question 30

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?

Answer 30

Anterior: apoN of EO Posterior: Transversalis fascia laterally and conjoint tendon more medially Superior: IO, TF, TA Inferior: Inguinal ligament

Question 31

What is a direct hernia?

Answer 31

Protrusion at level of superficial ring

Question 32

What is an indrect hernia?

Answer 32

Protrusion at level of deep ring

Question 33

Where is the deep inguinal ring located?

Answer 33

Midpoint between ASIS and pubic tubercule

Question 34

What layer forms the deep ring?

Answer 34

TF

Question 35

What layer forms the superficial ring?

Answer 35

EO

Question 36

What is the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 36

Potential spcae between parietal/visceral peritoneum

Question 37

``` Which of the following is not contained in the peritoneal cavity? water antibodies electrolytes proteins leukocytes ```

Answer 37

Proteins

Question 38

What is the condition that occurs when excess fluid accumulates inside the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 38

Ascites

Question 39

What are the 2 divisions of the transverse mesocolon?

Answer 39

Supracolic | Infracolic

Question 40

How are the 2 divisions connected?

Answer 40

Paracolic gutters running either side of AC and DC

Question 41

Right paracolic gutter is continuous with what?

Answer 41

Hepatorenal space

Question 42

Left paracolic gutter is continuous with what?

Answer 42

Pelvic cavity

Question 43

What does the epiploic foramen conenct?

Answer 43

Greater and lesser sac

Question 44

What are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen?

Answer 44

Anterior: free border of lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament) Posterior: IVC Superior: caudate process of liver Inferior: proximal part of duodenum

Question 45

What pelvic pouch do males have? | Where is this located?

Answer 45

Rectovesical pouch | Between rectum and bladder

Question 46

What pelvic pouch do females have? | Where is this located?

Answer 46

Rectouterine pouch | Between rectum and uterus

Question 47

What arteries pass anterior to the ureters in males and females?

Answer 47

Males: testicular arteries Females: ovarian arteries

Question 48

Does the ureter pass anterior or posterior to common iliac arteries in the pelvis?

Answer 48

Anterior

Question 49

In a male which structure crosses the ureter medially?

Answer 49

Ductus deferens

Question 50

Which ligament does the ureter pass through?

Answer 50

Broad ligament

Question 51

What is the tunica vaginalis a remnant of?

Answer 51

Peritoneum

Question 52

The tough fibrous covering of testes is called what?

Answer 52

Tunica albuginea

Question 53

Where is spermatazoa formed within testes?

Answer 53

Seminiferous tubules

Question 54

Which structures connect the seminferous tubules to the epididymis?

Answer 54

Efferent ductules

Question 55

What structures lie within the spermatic cord?

Answer 55

Testicular vessels | Ductus deferens

Question 56

Testicular veins in spermatic cord arranged in a plexus called?

Answer 56

Pammpiniform plexus

Question 57

What type of muscle is the ductus deferens made of?

Answer 57

Smooth muscle

Question 58

Which part of the penis is the urethra part of?

Answer 58

Corpus spongiosum

Question 59

What muscle covers corpus cavernosum?

Answer 59

Ischiocavernosus

Question 60

During erection which part of the penis becomes hard and which remains soft?

Answer 60

Corpus cavernosa become hard | Corpus spongiosum remain soft

Question 61

Which muscle provides expulsive force for ejaculation?

Answer 61

Bulbous spongiosus

Question 62

How many parts of the urethra are there?

Answer 62

4

Question 63

What are the 4 parts of the urethra?

Answer 63

1) Prostatic (through prostate) 2) Membranous (through perineal membrane) 3) Bulbar (through bulb of penis) 4) Penile (through body of penis)

Question 64

What is the peritoneum called that the ovaries hang from?

Answer 64

Mesovarium

Question 65

Ovary attaches to uterus through which ligament?

Answer 65

Ligament of ovary

Question 66

Where in the vestibule of the vagina does the urethra open up into?

Answer 66

Externa urtheral meatus

Question 67

Within each labia menora what type of muscle covers?

Answer 67

Bulbous spongiosus

Question 68

Perineal body is the meeting of what?

Answer 68

Posterior fibres of bulbo spongiosus and anterior fibres of external anal sphincter

Question 69

Which nerve passes lateral to psoas major?

Answer 69

Femoral nerve

Question 70

Does the femoral nerve pass anterior or posterior to inguinal ligament?

Answer 70

Posterior

Question 71

Which plexus provides sympathetic innervation to most of abdominal viscera?

Answer 71

Aortic plexus

Question 72

The vagus nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to which parts of the gut?

Answer 72

Foregut and midgut

Question 73

Pelvic splanchnic nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to where?

Answer 73

Hindgut

Question 74

What is the sympathetic innervation of the foregut?

Answer 74

Greater splanchnic nerves

Question 75

What is the sympathetic innervation of the midgut?

Answer 75

Lesser and least splanchnic nerves

Question 76

What is the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut?

Answer 76

Lumbar splanchnic nerves

Question 77

Which sacral nerves innervate most of levator ani and coccygeus?

Answer 77

S3 and S4

Question 78

Which 3 regions does the pudendal nerve innervate?

Answer 78

Anal sphincter Muscles of urogenital diaphragm External genitals

Question 79

Where does the autonomic sympathetic innervation of the pelvis come from?

Answer 79

Tail end of sympathetic trunk | Hypogastric nerve

Question 80

Where does the autonomic parasympathetic innervation of the pelvis come from?

Answer 80

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 81

Where do pelvic splanchnic nerves originate from?

Answer 81

S2 S3 S4

Question 82

How many layers of peritoneum make up the greater omentum running between greater curvature of stomach and TC?

Answer 82

6

Question 83

How many layers of peritoneum make up the greater omentum inferior to TC?

Answer 83

4