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Mycology and Virology > MLS 314 (MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY) – WEEK 3 & WEEK 4 > Flashcards

MLS 314 (MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY) – WEEK 3 & WEEK 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Obsoleted names of Horteae werneckii

A

Phaeoannellomyces werneckii, Exophiala werneckii, Cladosporium wernecki

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2
Q

Member of the black yeasts-like species containing a wide hyphae that become profusely septate during growth of the fungus, and they have annellidic conidiogenesis from broad scars.

A

Horteae werneckii

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3
Q

Halophilic species lives in seawater, mollusks, and other saline habitats

A

Horteae werneckii

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4
Q

a superficial, asymptomatic fungal infection of the skin, usu. on the palms of the hands and occ. on other parts of the body

A

tinea nigra palmaris, keratomycosis nigricans

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5
Q

Lesions are flat, smooth, not scaly, and appear as irregularly shaped brown to black spots resembling Ag(NO3)2 stains

A

Horteae werneckii

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6
Q

The palmar and plantar lesions (stratum corneum) may also resemble melanoma.

A

Horteae werneckii

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7
Q

reveals multiple brownish to black hyperpigmented maculae from a bilateral tinea nigra of palm

A

Horteae werneckii

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8
Q

Malassezia furfur syn.

A

Pityrosporum furfur
Pityrosporum ovale pro parte

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9
Q

contains 15 lipid-dependent species that are widely distributed in humans and other animals (eg., canine).

A

Malassezia

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10
Q

Differentiation requires molecular sequencing

most clinical laboratories prefer to report results as

A

Malassezia

“Malassezia furfur species complex”
“Malassezia species”.

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11
Q

Malassezia furfur
The most common species include:

A
  1. M. furfur
  2. M. pachydermatis
  3. M. sympodialis
  4. M. globosa
  5. M. obtusa
  6. M. sloofiae
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12
Q
  • non-lipid dependent

-Frequent colonizer of canine auditory canals

  • linked to systemic infections in neonates
A

M. pachydermatis

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13
Q

are the main causative agents of the skin infection pityriasis versicolor. 1 (syn. tinea versicolor)

A

M. furfur
M. sympodialis
M. globosa
M. slooffiae

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14
Q

Tissue reaction reveals lesion that appear as scaly, discrete, or concrescent, hypopigmented ,and(or) mild to moderate hyperkeratosis and acanthosis on the stratum corneum chiefly on the neck, torso, and limbs.

A

Malassezia furfur

Scaly - (furfuraceous)

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15
Q

Infection is largely cosmetic.

A

Malassezia furfur

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16
Q

There may be a minimal mononuclear response in the dermis

A

Malassezia furfur

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17
Q

Other dermatological diseases include seborrheic dermatitis (esp. in patients with AIDS), atopic eczema, psoriasis, and folliculitis.

A

Malassezia furfur

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18
Q

May also cause fungemia and occ. systemic infection (most frequently involving the lung) in patients receiving prolonged infusion of lipid formulation through contaminated central venous catheters.

A

Malassezia furfur

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19
Q

Predisposing factors include poor nutrition, excessive sweating, pregnancy.

A

Malassezia furfur

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20
Q

Etiologic agent of the fungal infection called black piedra

A

Piedraia horteae

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21
Q

The site of infection include the scalp hair, less commonly of the beard or moustache, and rarely of axillary or pubic hairs.

A

Piedraia hortae

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22
Q

The disease is characterized by the presence of discrete, hard, gritty, dark brown to black nodules adhering firmly to the hair shaft.

A

Piedraia hortae

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23
Q

Found mostly in tropical regions in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America.

A

Piedraia hortae

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24
Q

Humans as well as other primates are infected.

A

Piedraia hortae

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25
Q

Note the the oval to elongate-shaped brown nodules affecting the hair shaft. These nodules are gritty on palpation.

A

Piedraia hortae

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26
Q

The nodules are usually multiple and vary in size from microscopic to 1 mm or more in diameter.

A

Piedraia hortae

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27
Q

They are oval or elongated in shape with their thickness tapering from one end to the other or from the middle to the edge.

A

Piedraia hortae

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28
Q

They are composed of a compact cellular substance that surrounds the hair shaft.

A

Piedraia hortae

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29
Q

Hair shafts affected by these nodules become weak and often break at the point of infection.

A

Piedraia horteae

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30
Q

The disease is chronic and can last for months or even years

A

Piedraia hortae

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31
Q

Trichosporon ovoides

Corrected name from formerly described and obsoleted

A

Trichosporon beigelii or Trichosporon curateum (now Cutaneotrichosporon cutaneum)

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32
Q

Causes scalp hair white piedra that infects hair shaft characterized by the presence of soft white, yellowish, beige, or greenish nodules found chiefly on facial, axillary, or genital hairs and less commonly on the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes.

A

Trichosporon ovoides

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33
Q

CCauses scalp hair white piedra that infects hair shaft characterized by the presence of soft white, yellowish, beige, or greenish nodules found chiefly on facial, axillary, or genital hairs and less commonly on the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes.

A

Trichosporon ovoides

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34
Q

Nodules may be discrete or more often coalescent, forming an irregular transparent sheath

A

Trichosporon ovoides

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35
Q

is the cause of summer-type hypersensitivity in Japan

shares antigenicity with the capsular polysaccharide of C. neoformans

A

T. asahii

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36
Q

this may yield a positive CALAS assay on serum of some patients with disseminated Trichosporon disease

A

C. neoformans

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37
Q

Skin scrapings from dark pigmented lesions.

A

Horteae werneckii)

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38
Q

Slow grower and typically matures within 21 days.

A

Horteae werneckii
Piedraia hortae

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39
Q

Horteae werneckii: Colony morphology

A

(SDA)

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40
Q

Obverse: at first light colored, moist to mucoid, shiny, and yeast-like Fig. A but soon becomes olive-black. Later, grayish green hyphae may form from at the periphery, and the center may lose its shine and become olive colored due to thin layer of mycelium usu. during 2nd to 3rd week.

A

Horteae werneckii)

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41
Q

Reverse is black

A

Horteae werneckii
Piedraia hortae

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42
Q

Wood’s lamp: No fluorescence

A

Horteae werneckii

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43
Q

Skin scrapings from discolored area, blood, or tissue

A

Malassezia furfur

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44
Q

Rapid; mature in 5 days at 30-35oC. Grow poorly at 25oC

A

Malassezia furfur

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45
Q

Colony morphology (SDA + cycloheximide + olive or vegetable oil)

A

Malassezia furfur

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46
Q

Malassezia furfur
Scrapings may also be inoculated on (?)

A

Leeming, or Notman medium

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47
Q

Obverse: Smooth, cream to yellowish brown, often becomes dry, dull, brittle, and wrinkled with age.

A

Malassezia furfur

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48
Q

Reverse is not applicable

A

Malassezia furfur
Trichosporon ovoides

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49
Q

Malassezia furfur
Wood’s lamp: Fluoresces yellow-green with black due to Malassezia’s production of (?), a tryptophan derivative

A

pityrialactone

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50
Q

Hair fragments containing one or more black nodules, collected by clipping or by plucking

A

Piedraia hortae

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51
Q

Slow growth; mature in 21 days

A

Piedraia hortae
Horteae werneckii

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52
Q

Colony morphology

[SDA + chloramphenicol or cycloheximide]

addition of (?) increase the mycelial production.

A

Piedraia hortae

thiamine

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53
Q

Obverse: Colonies are small, adherent, compact, somewhat raised, and dark greenish brown to black and may be glabrous or covered with very short aerial hyphae. (Fig. A) Reddish brown, diffusible pigment may form. (Fig. B)

A

Piedraia hortae

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54
Q

Reverse is black

A

Piedraia hortae
Horteae werneckii

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55
Q

Hair fragments containing the adherent nodules

A

Trichosporon ovoides

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56
Q

Moderately rapid; mature in 5-7 days

A

Trichosporon ovoides

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57
Q

Colony morphology [SDA + chloramphenicol)

A

Trichosporon ovoides

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58
Q

Cycloheximide is inhibitory to some species.

A

Trichosporon ovoides

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59
Q

Obverse: Yeastlike; at first cream colored, moist, and soft. The surface may become irregularly wrinkled, rather powdery or crumblike; the center may become heaped, and the colony may adhere to, and crack, the agar. The color often darkens to yellowish gray. Fig. A

A

Trichosporon ovoides

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60
Q

Reverse is not applicable

A

Malassezia furfur
Trichosporon ovoides

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61
Q

The early phase consists mainly of pale or dark brown, yeast like cells. Mature forms are one or two celled (3-5 x 7-10 µm)—annellides (round at one end while tapered and elongated with striations at the end where conidia are formed.

A

Horteae werneckii)

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62
Q

With age, dark, closely septated, thick-walled hyphae develop.

A

Horteae werneckii
Piedraia hortae

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63
Q

Annelloconidia may form and accumulate at annellidic points
along the hyphae. Each conidium can function as an annellide
and produce new conidia.

A

Horteae werneckii)

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64
Q

Chlamydoconidia may develop with age.

A

Horteae werneckii)

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65
Q

Using 10% KOH, an observable branching filaments & of variable lengths intermingled with clusters of small, unicellular, oval & round,
budding yeast cells that resembles “spaghetti & meatball” appearance.

A

Malassezia furfur

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66
Q

The yeasts show the presence of collarette between mother & daughter cells (budding is phialidic & unipolar) and average of 4µm (up to 8µm) in size.

A

Malassezia furfur

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67
Q

Hyphae are closely septate, dark, and thick walled and vary in diameter; with many intercalary chlamydoconidialike cells. Asci may be produced in culture.

A

Piedraia hortae

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68
Q

The walls of the asci readily dissolve,
releasing singlecelled, curved ascospores (5-10 x 30-35µm) that taper at the ends to form whip-like extensions.

A

Piedraia hortae

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69
Q

The ascospores are more likely to be seen on direct microscopic examination of the specimen than on culture.

A

Piedraia hortae

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70
Q

Hair fragments are placed in 25% KOH or NaOH with 5% glycerol, heated gently and carefully squashed.

A

Piedraia hortae
Trichosporon ovoides

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71
Q

The squashed nodule reveal a compact masses of dark septate hyphae and round to oval asci containing two to eight hyaline, aseptate banana-shaped (fusiform) ascospores that bear one or more
appendages. Fig. A

A

Piedraia hortae

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72
Q

On cornmeal-Tween 80 agar at 25oC for 72h, true hyphae and pseudohyphae with blastoconidia singly or in short chains are seen. Arthroconidia (2-4 x 3-9 µm) form on older cultures. The presence of pseudohyphae and blastoconidia differentiates Trichosporon from Geotrichum
spp

A

Trichosporon ovoides

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73
Q

Hair fragments are placed in 10% KOH or 25% NaOH-5% glycerol.

A

Trichosporon ovoides

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74
Q

The squashed nodule reveals an
intertwined hyaline septate hyphae, hyphae breaking up into oval or rectangular arthroconidia of 2-4µm [$]. Fig. A, occasional blastoconidia, and bacteria that may surround the nodule as a zooglea (jelly-like mass).

A

Trichosporon ovoides

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75
Q

Note the two-celled yeast like cells
(annellides) that is round at one end and tapered and elongated with striations at the other end where conidia are formed.

A

Horteae werneckii

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76
Q

Brown filaments in
NaOH mount of scraping from tinea
nigra.

A

Horteae werneckii

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77
Q

Note the septate hyphal elements and two-celled,
pale brown, cylindrical to spindle-shaped yeast-like
cells that taper towards the ends to form an annellide. Septa is darkly pigmented.

A

Horteae werneckii

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78
Q

Note the concentric hypopigmentation of the outer layer of the skin.

A

Malassezia furfur

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79
Q

Acanthosis like chromic pityriasis versicolor.

A

Malassezia furfur

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80
Q

Abundant growth of is evident
on a plate that was overlaid
with oil before the inoculum
was applied. No growth is
seen on a companion plate
without oil. (dextrose agar.)

A

Malassezia furfur

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81
Q

M. furfur in skin scrapings from a lesion of tinea versicolor (Kane’s stain). Note the “spaghetti and meatball’’ appearance. x 100.

A

Malassezia furfur

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82
Q

Macroscopic aspect of the colony on Agar Sabouraud, showing black velvety aerial mycelia colony raised in the center and flat in the periphery.

A

Piedraia hortae

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83
Q

Note the dark brown-black outer
perimeter, with a white central
region. Note the characteristic
reddish agar surrounding the
colony’s perimeter caused by a
reddish pigment produced by the
colonial organisms.

A

Piedraia hortae

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84
Q

The squashed nodule reveal a compact masses of dark septate hyphae and round to oval asci containing two to eight hyaline, aseptate bananashaped (fusiform)
ascospores that bear one or
more appendages

A

Piedraia hortae

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85
Q

Colonies are cream to yellow, smooth or lightly wrinkled, glistening or dull, and with the margin being either entire or lobate

A

M. fufur on Modified Dixon’s agar

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86
Q

Yeastlike cells (1.5 x 4.5 x
3-7 µm) are actually
phialides with small
collarettes. Cells are round
at one end and bluntly cut
off at the other, where wide
budlike structures form
singly; the buds are usually
on a broad base, but narrow
in some species

A

Malassezia furfur

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87
Q

Microscopic appearance
of yeast cells on
Littman oxgall overlaid with
olive oil. x 400.

A

M. furfur

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88
Q

Short chains, curved accompanied by clusters of oval to round, thick-walled
cells

A

M. furfur yeast cells on
Littman oxgall

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89
Q

Note the multiple hypopigmented bead-like nodules on the
distal hair shaft of the scalp.

A

Trichosporon species

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90
Q

Obverse: Yeastlike; at first cream
colored, moist, and soft. The surface
may become irregularly wrinkled,
rather powdery or crumblike; the
center may become heaped, and the
colony may adhere to, and crack, the
agar. The color often darkens to
yellowish gray.

A

Trichosporon species

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91
Q

Colonies are
white to cream colored,
powdery, sued-like to farinose with radial furrows and irregular folds.

A

T. asahii

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92
Q

T. inkin. Colonies are
restricted, white, finely
cerebriform with a granular
covering, without marginal
zone, often cracking the
media

A

Trichosporon species

93
Q

Occasional blastoconidia,
and bacteria that may
surround the nodule as a
zooglea (jelly-like mass)

A

Trichosporon species

94
Q

On cornmeal-Tween 80 agar
at 25oC for 72h, true hyphae
and pseudohyphae with
blastoconidia singly or in
short chains are seen.
Arthroconidia (2-4 x 3-9 µm)
form on older cultures. The
presence of pseudohyphae
and blastoconidia
differentiates Trichosporon
from Geotrichum spp.

A

Trichosporon species

95
Q

Etiologic agents of dermatophytosis (“plant of the skin”) have been classified along with some nonpathogenic relatives in three anamorphic genera in the family Arthrodermataceae of the order Onygenales 2, phylum Ascomycota.

A

Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton

96
Q

Two population genetics patterns:

A
  1. Population hosts
  2. Occasional hosts
97
Q

which is the normal epidemiologic reservoir of
the species.

A

Population hosts

98
Q

species that may acquire infection but that do
not support ongoing populations.

A

Occasional hosts

99
Q

(?) has mostly feline population hosts, and while humans are frequently infected by feline carriers, the species is seldom directly transmitted from human to human, making the
human species only an “occasional host”.

A
100
Q

(?) are keratinophilic (keratin as the nitrogen
source) and group into three categories based on host preference
and natural habitat

A

Dermatophytes

101
Q

(?) species almost exclusively infect humans; animals are rarely infected and transmitted via direct or indirect
contact.

A

Anthropophilic

102
Q

(?) species are soil-associated organisms, and soil per se
or soilborne keratinous debris (eg., shed hairs, molted feathers) is
a source of infection for humans as well as for other animals.

A

Geophilic

103
Q

(?) species are essentially pathogens of non-human
mammals or, rarely birds; however animal-to-animal transmission is not common.

A

Zoophilic

104
Q

Some dermatophytes eg., T. rubrum are cosmopolitan, whereas others eg., (?), are geographically limited (found only in the Pacific Islands and regions in Southeast Asia and Central and South America)

A

T. concentricum

105
Q

-generally manifests as infections of
the keratinized tissues (hair, skin, nails, etc.) of
humans, other mammals, and birds.

A

Primary
dermatophytoses

106
Q
  • described as cutaneous infections
    resembling dermatophytoses that may occasionally be caused by yeasts
    or by unrelated filamentous fungi that are normally saprobes or plant
    pathogens
A

Opportunistic dermatomycoses

107
Q

Tissue invasion is normally cutaneous, and unable to penetrate deeper tissues due to:

A
  1. Nonspecific inhibitory factors in
    serum
  2. Inhibition of fungal keratinases
  3. Barrier formed of epidermal
    keratinocytes
  4. Other immunological
    barriers
108
Q

Anthropophilic species

A


Epidermophyton floccosum

Microsporum audouinii

Trichophyton concentricum

T. mentagrophytes complex (velvety and
cottony isolates)

Trichophyton rubrum

Trichophyton schoenleinii

Trichophyton tonsurans

Trichophyton violaceum

109
Q

Zoophilic species

A


Microsporum canis

T. mentagrophytes complex (granular isolates)

Trichophyton verrucosum

110
Q

Geophilic species

A


Microsporum gypseum (Nannizzia
gypsea) complex

Trichophyton vanbreuseghenii

111
Q

(?) is highly contagious
and may spread rapidly within a
family, institution, or school.

A

Tinea capitis

112
Q

(?) is associated with shared clothing, towels, and sanitary
facilities.

A

Tinea cruris

113
Q

(?) often involves communal showers,
baths, or other aquatic facilities but
may depend on environmental and
host factors.

A

Tinea pedis and Tinea unguium

114
Q

Acquisition of (?) has been suggested to require a dominant autosomal susceptibility gene

A

T. rubrum tinea
pedis

115
Q

(?) result from animal-tohuman contact or from indirect transmission involving fomites.

A

Zoophilic

116
Q

(?) involves transmission of
soilborne inoculum to humans or
other mammals.

A

Geophilic

117
Q

Usually carried out by
arthroconidia that have been
formed in or on infected host tissue

A

Transmission of CUTANEOUS FUNGI

118
Q

Infections caused by (?) are named according to the anatomic location involved by their Latin names

A

dermatophytes

119
Q

(?) infection of the bearded areas of the face and neck, moustache

A

Tinea barbae

120
Q

(?) infection of the scalp and hair shaft, eyebrows and eyelashes

A

Tinea capitis

121
Q

(?) infection of the glabrous skin on body parts not otherwise specified (usu. the trunk of the body, face, and major limbs)

A

Tinea corporis

122
Q

(?) infection of the groin, perineum, and perianal region

A

Tinea cruris

123
Q

(?) infection of the hand (palms)

A

Tinea manuum

124
Q

(?) infection of the feet (soles and toe
webs)

A

Tinea pedis

125
Q

(?) infection of the nails (onychomycosis is infection of the nail caused by any fungus, not necessarily caused by a dermatophyte)

A

Tinea unguium

126
Q

Dermatophytes grow in an annular fashion on
most affected regions, producing a “(?)” infection form with a more or less raised and erythematous active area at the periphery and relatively scaly inactive zone at the center of established lesions.

A

ringworm

127
Q

(?) patients may developed subcutaneous infections eg., Majocchi’s granuloma (aka. granuloma trichophyticum), kerion, mycetoma-like processes.

A

Immunocompromised

128
Q

Principal current risk factors for common forms of dermatophytosis:

A
  1. Age (youth for tinea capitis, advanced age for onychomycosis)
  2. Family history of chronic dermatophytosis
  3. Participation in athletics featuring extensive body contact (eg., wrestling, judo)
  4. Foot maceration (eg., marathon running); Barefoot use of communal aquatic facilities
    (showers, swimming areas)
  5. Exchange of headgear, footwear, or inadequately cleaned bedding.
  6. Contact with feral domestic animals (esp. street kittens)
129
Q

Most common for Tinea favosa

A

T. schoenleinii

130
Q

Less frequent

A

T. violaceum

131
Q

(?), chronic lesions on the trunk and extremities particularly the Afro-Asiatic forms.

A

Tinea corporis

132
Q

(“jock itch”)

A

Tinea cruris

133
Q

(?), distalsubungual onychomycosis

A

Tinea unguium

134
Q

Clinical features of Anthropophilic

A

T. schoenleinii
T. violaceum
Tinea corporis
Tinea cruris
Tinea manuum
Tinea pedis
Tinea unguium
Tinea pedis
E. floccosum
T. tonsurans

135
Q

(?), lesions vary from highly erythematous, patchy, scaly areas with dull gray hair stumps to highly
inflamed lesions with folliculitis, kerion, alopecia, and scarring.

A

Tinea capitis

136
Q

complex, granular

A

T. mentagrophytes

137
Q

Less frequent

A

T. verrucosum

138
Q

(?), highly inflamed and may present as acute pustular folliculitis that can progress to suppurative boggy lesions (kerion). Less severe lesions appear as dry, erythematous and scaly.

A

Tinea barbae

139
Q

Clinical features
of Zoophilic

A

Tinea capitis
T. mentagrophytes
T. verrucosum
Tinea barbae

140
Q

Geophilic
Less frequent

A

M. gypseum complex

141
Q

(?), very rare chronic infection of
the scalp and glabrous skin characterized by the formation of cupshaped crusts (scutula) resembling honeycombs

A

Tinea favosa (favus),

142
Q

M. gypseum complex
includes:

A
  1. Arthroderma gypseum
  2. A. incurvatum
  3. A. fulvum
  4. Microsporum duboisii
143
Q

Dermatophytosis of the body or trunk plus neck and shoulder.

A

Tinea corporis

144
Q

Erythematous circular lesions, scaly patch with
sharply demarcated margins resulting in abnormallooking patch of the skin at the hub of the week or ring

A

Tinea corporis

145
Q

Can be transmitted via direct contact with an
infected person, by fomites, or by autoinoculation.

A

Tinea corporis

146
Q

• Diagnose by examination of a direct preparation
of the skin scales.

A

Tinea corporis

147
Q

• Agents: [rank according to frequency]
1. T. rubrum
2. Zoophilic dermatophytes
3. Any of the dermatophytes

A

Tinea corporis

148
Q
A

Tinea cruris (“jock itch”)

149
Q

Dermatophytosis of the proximal medial thighs,
perineum, and buttocks.

A

Tinea cruris (“jock itch”)

150
Q

Lesion appears scaly, erythematous to tawny
brown, bilateral and asymmetric lesions extending
down to the inner thigh and exhibiting a sharply
marginated border frequently studded with small
vesicles.

A

Tinea cruris (“jock itch”)

151
Q

• Agents: [rank according to frequency]
1. T. rubrum
2. E. floccosum

A

Tinea cruris (“jock itch”)

152
Q

Dermatophytosis of the feet (“athlete’s foot”)

A

Tinea pedis

153
Q

Lesion varies in appearance: the most common
manifestation is maceration, peeling, pruritic, and
painful fissuring between the fourth and fifth toes,
but an acute inflammatory condition with vesicles
and pustules can also occur, as can a
hyperkeratotic chronic infection of the sole
(“moccasin foot”)

A

Tinea pedis

154
Q

• Agents: [rank according to frequency]
1. T. rubrum causes chronic infection
2. E. floccosum causes acute infection that
spontaneously resolve

A

Tinea pedis

155
Q

• Agents: [rank according to frequency]
1. T. mentagrophytes
2. T. rubrum
3. E. floccosum

A

Tinea manuum

156
Q

Dermatophyte infections on the palms and
between fingers.

A

Tinea manuum

157
Q

Most cases occur in patients who also have tinea
pedis, and the infections caused by the same
causative dermatophyte.

A

Tinea manuum

158
Q

Occurs only on the bearded areas of the face and
neck.

A

Tinea barbae

159
Q

Superficial form: resemble tinea corporis

A

Tinea barbae

160
Q

Pustular form: associated with zoophilic
dermatophytes (folliculitis is the inflammation of
hair follicles)

A

Tinea barbae

161
Q

Boggy tumefactions, a kerion appears as an
inflamed, thickened, pus-filled area, and it
sometimes accompanied by a fever.

A

Tinea barbae

162
Q

• May develop to alopecia and permanent scarring

A

Tinea barbae

162
Q

• Agents: [rank according to frequency]
1. T. verrucosum
2. T. mentagrophytes

A

Tinea barbae

163
Q

Dermatophytosis of the nails. Subcategory of the
more general phenomenon of onychomycosis.

A

Tinea unguium

164
Q

• Superficial form: whitish patches on the surface
of the nail contain fungus without nail distortion,
usu. caused by T. interdigitale

A

Tinea unguium

165
Q

Subungual form: deep layers of the skin is
invaded. The nail becomes brittle and thickened
and is frequently discolored. Debris from the
fungus & from tissue destruction accumulate in the
nail, causing distortion and cracking

A

Tinea unguium

166
Q

• Agents: [rank according to frequency]
1. T. rubrum may cause “proximal-subungual tinea
unguium”1
2. T. interdigitale (“nodular” variant of T.
mentagrophytes)

A

Tinea unguium

167
Q

Dermatophytosis of the hair of the scalp,
eyebrows, and eyelashes.

A

Tinea capitis

168
Q

May vary from highly erythematous, patchy,
scaly areas with dull gray hair stumps or highly
inflamed lesions with folliculitis, kerion formation,
alopecia, and scarring

A

Tinea capitis

169
Q

• Agents: [rank according to frequency]
1. T. tonsurans
2. M. canis

A

Tinea capitis

170
Q

Specialized form of tinea corporis.

A

Tinea imbricata

171
Q

Lesion are ringlike growth in overlapping circles.

A

Tinea imbricata

172
Q

• Agents: [rank according to frequency]
1. T. concentricum

A

Tinea imbricata

173
Q

Direct microscopy of infected dermatological
specimens (ie., skin, nails) may reveal one or more
of the following indicators:

A
  1. Hyaline hyphal fragments
  2. Septate, often branching hyphae
  3. Chains of arthroconidia
174
Q

• The appearance of of infected hairs depends on the invading (?) species.

A

dermatophyte

175
Q

Hyphae invade the hairs, and arthroconidia are formed by fragmentation of the (?).

A

hyphae

176
Q

The appearance and location of (?) may suggest the infecting genera or species.

A

arthroconidia

177
Q

Distinguishes between atypical isolates of the T. mentagrophytes complex and T. rubrum.

A
178
Q

• Distinguishes between atypical isolates of the

A

T. mentagrophytes complex and T. rubrum

179
Q

• It may also be used for [?] that show wedgeshaped perforations perpendicular to
the hair shaft (a positive test result).

A

M. canis and M. gypseum

180
Q

• Sterile [?] of healthy human hair fragment. Place 8-10 hair fragments into a 50 mL screw-cap tube and add [?] of sterile distilled water and [?] filter-sterilized yeast extract.

A

1 cm
20-25 mL
0.1 mL of 10%

181
Q

• Place several fragments of the [?] in the tube.

A

fungal culture

182
Q

• Incubate at [?] or until a positive reaction is seen (~8-10 days)

A

RT for 21 days

183
Q

• Look for [?] caused by hyphae that penetrate the hairs perpendicularly.

A

wedge-shaped perforations

184
Q

Three types of hair colonization

A
  1. Ectothrix
  2. Endothrix
  3. Favic
185
Q

M. audouinii
M. canis
M. ferrugineum
M. gypseum (Nannizzia
gypsea) complex
M. (Nannizzia) praecox
T. megninii
T. mentagrophytes complex
T. verrucosum

A

Ectothrix

186
Q

T. soudanense
T. tonsurans
T. violaceum

A

Endothrix

187
Q

T. schoënleinii

A

Favic

188
Q

• Arthroconidia appear as a “tile mosaic sheath” around the hair or as
chains on the surface of the hair shaft

A

Ectothrix

189
Q

Hair becomes grayish, dull and discolored; eventually the hair
becomes brittle and breaks off.

A

Ectothrix

190
Q

M. canis, M. audouinii, and M. ferrugineum infections, colonized
hairs fluoresce green ender the Wood’s lamp

A

Ectothrix

191
Q

Observed as chains of arthroconidia filling the insides of shortened
hair stubs

A

. Endothrix

192
Q

The presence of conidia weakens the hair so that it loses is luster,
becomes brittle, and breaks off above the surface of the scalp.

A

. Endothrix

193
Q

As it continues to grow, the conidia in the shafts of the hair stubs
appear black dots leaving a grayish patch “Gray patch”

A

. Endothrix

194
Q

• Hairs are Wood’s lamp negative

A

. Endothrix

195
Q

Creates parallel lesions with the hair shaft

A

Favic

196
Q

Hair shaft is filled with long filamentous arthroconidia; empty
airfilled areas are left in the hair when they hyphae degenerate into
fat droplets. Lesions have a “mousy” odor.

A

Favic

197
Q

Clinical entity characterized by the occurrence of dense masses of
mycelium & epithelial debris which forms yellowish, cup-shaped
crusts called scutula.

A

Favic

198
Q

Dull green under the Woods’s lamp.

A

Favic

199
Q

moderate to rapid grower

A

Microsporum audouinii
Microsporum gypseum complex

200
Q

rapid grower

A

Microsporum canis var. canis
Trichophyton mentagrophytes

201
Q

moderate to rapid grower

A

Microsporum gypseum complex

202
Q

moderate to slow grower

A

Trichophyton rubrum

203
Q

slow grower

A

Trichophyton schoenleinii

204
Q

• Flat to velvety, thin, pale
salmon to pale brownish
reverse.

A

Microsporum audouinii

205
Q

• Rare deformed
macroconidia, often with
break, constricted mid
region & at least trace
granulation

A

Microsporum audouinii

206
Q

• Drop shaped
microconidia and aerial
arthroconidia may be
present. pectinate
branching

A

Microsporum audouinii

207
Q

• Apiculate terminal
chlamydospores often
seen

A

Microsporum audouinii

207
Q

• Flat to velvety, thin, pale
to yellow, with yellow
(rarely pale) reverse

A

Microsporum canis var. canis

208
Q

• Macroconidia thickwalled, roughened and
beaked.

A

Microsporum canis var. canis

209
Q

• Microconidia dropshaped.

A

Microsporum canis var. canis

210
Q

• Granular, sandy in color,
or occasionally light
cinnamon or rosy buff.

A

Microsporum gypseum complex

211
Q

• Reverse usually pale to
brownish

A

Microsporum gypseum complex

212
Q

• Macroconidia abundant,
thin walled, fusoid
(tapered at both ends)
roughened with up to six
septa.

A

Microsporum gypseum complex

213
Q

• Microconidia drop
shaped mostly formed
along sparsely branched
hyphae.

A

Microsporum gypseum complex

214
Q

• Granular to powdery,
yellow-cream to buff
surface.

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

215
Q

• Macroconidia
uncommon, club shaped,
smooth.

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

216
Q

• Pale to red brown
reverse.

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

216
Q

• Microconidia nearly
spherical, abundant,
mostly produced in dense
tufts; spiral appendages
present.

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

217
Q

• Microconidia drop
shaped, abundant scanty
or not formed; lateral
hyphal projections often
present

A

Trichophyton rubrum

218
Q

• Macroconidia abundant,
club-shaped, sometime
with rat-tail extension.

A

Trichophyton rubrum

219
Q

• Typically wine red
reverse but yellow variants
occasional; red color
poorly formed in presence
of common bacterial
contamination

A

Trichophyton rubrum

220
Q

• Powdery to low velvety,
cream to deep red

A

Trichophyton rubrum

221
Q

• Convoluted with
glabrous texture, heaped
or folded topography.
Slightly velvety whitish
colony

A

Trichophyton schoenleinii

222
Q

• No conidia seen.

A

Trichophyton schoenleinii

223
Q

• Favic chandeliers or
nailhead hyphae are
present

A

Trichophyton schoenleinii

224
Q

• Surface is brownish
yellow to olive gray or
khaki with a suede like
surface, raised and folded
in the center, with a flat
periphery and submerged
fringe of growth

A

Epidermophyton floccosum

225
Q

• Macroconidia is
abundant, smooth thinwalled which are often
produced in clusters
growing directly from
hyphae. Usually,
macroconidia contains 6
cells.

A

Epidermophyton floccosum

226
Q

• Numerous
chlamydospores may be
formed in primary
isolates1. Microconidia is
not formed.

A

Epidermophyton floccosum

Mycology and Virology (20 decks)

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