MMI133_Lecture3 Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
bacteria are?
A
prokaryotes
2
Q
fungi are?
A
eukaryotes
3
Q
plant cells are?
A
eukaryotes
4
Q
protozoa are?
A
eukaryotes
5
Q
metazoa are?
A
eukaryotes
6
Q
what special amino acid do all prokaryote proteins start with?
A
formylmethionine
6
Q
human cells are?
A
eukaryotes
7
Q
what special amino acid do all eukaryote proteins start with?
A
methionine
8
Q
what are viruses, viroids + prions?
A
NOT cells,
NOT prokaryotes or eukaryotes
9
Q
what is the size of prokaryotes?
A
0.2-2.0 u
10
Q
what is the size of eukaryotes?
A
10-100u
11
Q
which is bigger, euk or pro?
A
eukaryotes
12
Q
which has a true nucleus?
A
eukaryotes
13
Q
which has NO nuclear membrane/nucleoli?
A
prokaryotes
14
Q
which has no cytoskeleton?
A
prokaryotes
15
Q
which has a cytoskeleton?
A
eukaryotes
16
Q
which has ribosomes 80S?
A
eukaryotes
17
Q
which has smaller 70S ribosomes?
A
prokaryotes
18
Q
which has a complex cell wall?
A
prokaryotes
19
Q
which has either no or only a simple cell wall?
A
eukaryotes
20
Q
which has an exception with mitochondria having 70S ribosomes?
A
eukaryotes
21
Q
which has no membrane bound organelles?
A
prokaryotes
22
Q
which has organelles (golgi, mitochondria, ER)?
A
eukaryotes
23
Q
which has a simple flagella?
A
prokaryotes
24
which has a complex flagella?
eukaryotes
25
which has plasma membrane containing sterols + carbohydrates?
eukaryotes
26
which has plasma membrane usually lacking carbohydrates + sterols?
procaryotes
27
which has multiple linear chromosomes?
eukaryotes
28
which has a singular circular chromosome?
prokaryotes
29
how do eukaryotes reproduce?
mitosis + meiosis
30
how do prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce?
binary fission
31
what is a nucleoid?
the spegetti tangle of DNA in prokaryotes/bacteria
32
what is the capsule of a bacteria?
the outer portion of the bacteria, outside the cell wall
made up of sugar
not all bacteria have them
33
what is the cytoplasm?
all the material in the cell except the nucleus
34
what are ribosomes?
sites of protein synthesis
35
what are plasmids?
tiny segments of DNA containing 1-2 genes that can be transfered via conjugation
genes can be resistance to drugs which can be problematic as they are shared by more and more bacteria
36
what are pili?
"hairs" on bacteria which serve by attaching bacteria cell to other things for conjugation or just to attach
37
what is a bacterial flagellum?
tail of bacteria which serves as a mode of locomotion in a specific direction to aid in the bacteria's movement through aqueous solution to get to cells in infect
38
which has a thin layer of peptidoglycan?
G-
39
which has thick layer of peptidoglycan?
G+
40
which has no teichoic acid?
G-
41
which has teichoic acid present?
G+
42
which has no lipopolysaccharide?
G+
43
which has lipopolysaccharide?
G-
44
which has no outer membrane or periplasm?
G+
45
which has outer membrane + periplasm?
G-
46
which is generally less susceptible to penicillin?
G-
47
which is generally more susceptible to penicillin?
G+
48
What are 2 important bacteria not stained by Gram's stain?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (pneumonia)
49
Gram stain procedure
crystal violet - primary stain
iodine - mordant
acetone/alcohol wash
safranin - counterstain
50
another name for acid fast stain
Ziehl-Neelsen stain
51
what is acid-fast used for?
detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis + a few orther organisms
-for those with high lipid/wax content in cell wall
52
what is an axial filament?
special flagella inside cell wall of spirochaetes
53
pili/fimbriae are for?
attachment + conjugation betw bacteria
54
conjugation
horizontal transmission of genes (plasmids) from 1 bacteria to another
55
function of capsule/glycocalyx
evasion from WBC's
sometimes attachment to cells
56
peptidoglycan
lattice structure like a mesh
provides structure + cell shape
57
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane (G-)
Lipid A - endotoxin
polysaccharide
58
teichoic + lipoteichoic acids (G+)
attached to peptidoglycan layer, project outwards + cause cells to have negative charge
59
which have lipopolysaccharide outer membrane?
G-
60
which have teichoic + lipoteichoic acids?
G+
61
human cell plasma membrane contains ___
cholestrol
62
fungal cell plasma membrane contains ___
ergosterol
63
so, if want to stop all fungi cell growth...
inhibit ergosterol and allow human cells to be fine still + unimpacted
64
bacteria nuclear area = nucleoid
chromosome (1/bacteria)
65
bacteria ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
2 subunits
70S
66
bacterial inclusions
reserve deposits of nut.'s in membrane bounded vacuoles
67
bacterial plasmids
small circular pieces of DNA that code for a restricted # of proteins
68
endospores
functional for bacteria survival
resting cells - no metabolisms
genetic material within hard coat resistant to heat, drying, UV, chemicals
69
bacteria producing endospores
Clostridium
Bacillus
70
endospores are NOT the same as
a capsule
71
Clostridium difficile
major cause of nosocomial infection globally
Anaerobic G+ rod that produces endospores
72
nosocomial
disease originating in a hospital
73
Clostridium difficile info
strict anaerobe
G+ bacillus
spore forming
3-5% of people have them
fecal-oral transmission
spores not living
survive months in environment
not inactivated by antibiotics, alcohols, or hand sanitizer
74
how do people get Clostridium difficile?
injest spores which dont' get affected by stomach acid + germinate in intestine after bile contact
exotoxins produced by bacteria damage intestinal mucosa, kill cells, + cause epithelium to leak resulting in watery diarrhea
75
toxins of Clostridium difficile
TcdA - toxin A
TcdB - toxin B
CDT - C = difficile binary toxin often but not always found in epidemic strains
76
syndromes common with Clostridium difficile
AAD
AAC
CDAD
PMC
Toxic megacolon
Death
77
children of what age never produce symptoms of Clostridium difficile?
< 2yrs
78
AAD
antibiotic associated diarrhea
79
AAC
antibiotic associated colitis
(colon lining inflammation)
80
CDAD
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea
81
PMC
pseudomembranous colitis
puss in intestinal wall
collections of WBC's
82
Toxic megacolon
gangrene of intestines
83
best treatment of Clostridium difficile
nonconventional fecal implants
fecal matter of healthy individ are injested to colonize patient with bacterial flora
